'Plasmodium\r'

'Life Cycle of malaria parasite vivax (Malarial Parasite) Systematie Position Kingdom    :    Protista Phylum       :    Protozoa distinguish          :    Sporozoa Genus         :     malaria parasite Species       :    vivax Habit s and habitat:- plasmodium is an intracellular sporozoan parasite causing malaria in man. The parasite lives in the red family cell’s and colored cells of man and alimentary tar sital and salivary glands of distaff person genus genus Anopheles mosquito. Structure:- Structure of plasmodium is various comprises of its life cycle. A fully grown malarial parasite is amoeboid and uninucleated structure known as trophozoite.Trophozoite is surrounded by double layered plasma lemma. Cytoplasm contains Palade’s granules, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, vesicles and vacuoles having haemozoin. Cytoplasm contains pith having nucleolus and granular nucleoplasm. Life Cycle of  plasmodium vivax Hosts:- Plasmodium completes its lifecycle in two hosts (digenetic): Man and egg-producing(prenominal) Anopheles mosquito. 1. Primary or definitive host: distaff Anopheles mosquito is the primary host of Plasmodium in which it completes its sexual life cycle. 2. Secondary or fair host: Man is the secondary host of plasmodium in which it completes its vegetal life cycle.The lifecycle of Plasmodium go off be divided into three phases: 1. Asexual sehizogony 2. internal gamogony 3. Asexual sporogony ASEXUAL bicycle OF Plasmodium, IN man Infective flesh of Plasmodium is known as sporozoites. Sporozoites atomic pattern 18 11-12µ long slender, uni-nucleated. Sickle-shaped structure innovate in the salivary glands of infected mosquito. When an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy man, a crowing number of sporozoites enter into the countercurrent stream of man. inside half an hour, sporozoites enter the liver c ells and permit apomictic multiplication called schizogony. 1. Asexual Schizogony:-Schizogony is the asexual phase of facts of life of Plasmodium. It takes place in liver cells and RBC’s of man. Schizogony can be divided into following phases: a) Pre-erythrocytic schizogony b) Exo-erythrocytic schizogony c) Erythrocytic schizogony d) Post- erythrocytic schizogony a. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony: In the liver cells, sporozoites grow to take a hop a banging and spherical schizont. Schizont divides by multiple fission and blueprints a large number of cryptozoites. They may either sop up into the blood circulation to start erythrocytic schizogony or enter sweet-smelling liver cells to start Exo-erythrocytic schizogony.Pre-erythrocytic schizogony takes 8 eld to complete. b. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony: by and by re-entering reinvigorated liver cell each(prenominal) cryptozoites divides to form a large number of metacryptozoites similar to pre-erythrocytic schizogony. Me ta-cryptozoites ar two types: Smaller micro-metacryptozoites and larger macro-metacryptozoites. The micro-metacryptozoites enter the RBC’s to start erythrocytic schizogony, while the macro-metacryptozoites invade fresh liver cells to continue exo-erythrocytic schizogony. It takes normally 4 days to complete. c. Erythrocytic schizogony:-As stated above, the erythrocytic schizogony begins when the RBC’s of blood argon attacked either by pre-erythrocytic cryptozoites or by exo-erythrocytic micro-metacryptozoites. It takes normally in 8 to 12 days later above 2 phases. storys of erythrocytic schizogony atomic number 18: i. Trophozoite Stage:- The merozoites (cryptozoites and micro- metacryptozoites) afterwardswards entering into the blood stream, provender on erythrocytes, puzzle rounded and modify into trophozoite. ii. Signet Ring Stage:- As the merozoites grow a vacuole appears in the center and the nucleus is pushed to one side.It gives a ring like manner and k nown as signet ring exhibit. The parasite ingests hemoglobin and decomposes it into protein and haematin. Protein is use as food whereas unused haematin forms nephrotoxic. yellowish brown malarial pigment, haemozoin. iii. Amoeboid Stage: †As the signet ring parasite grows, vacuole disappears and the parasite becomes amoeboid in style, thrusting out pseudopodial processes. This stage is called amoeboid stage. At this stage RBC develops legion(predicate) granules, the Schuffner’s granules. iv. Schizont Stage:- Parasite grows in size, becomes rounded and al nigh entirely fills the RBC called Schizont. . Rosette Stage:- The nucleus of schizont divides by multiple fission to form 6 to 24 daughter nuclei. These nuclei arrange at the periphery, while the toxic haemozoin granules accumulate at the center of RBC. It appears as a flower rose, so called rosette stage. Nuclei of rosette stage are surrounded by a weensy cytoplasm and are develop into merozoites. With the ruptu re of the RBC, these merozoites are emancipate into the blood plasma along with toxic haemozoin. These normally attack fresh RBC’s to repeat the erythrocytic cycle or may depart into gametocytes.One complete erythrocytic cycle takes 48 hours in Plasmodium vivax. d. Post-erythrocytic schizogony:- Sometimes, some merozoites produced in erythrocytic schizogony reach the liver cells and undergo schizogony development in liver cells. This is called post-erythrocytic schizogony. SEXUAL regular recurrence OF Plasmodium in MAN 2. Sexual Gamogony:- preparedness of gametocytes: After many generations in about 4-5 is the blood some merozoites increase in size to form two types of gametocytes; larger macro (9-10µ), less many and contain large nucleus.Macro gametocytes are larger (10-12µ), to a greater extent numerous and contain pifflinger nucleus. SEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodium IN MOSQUITO When a female Anopheles sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes reach the s tomach of mosquito and institution of gametes take palace as follows: a. Gametogenesis (gemetogony) : Process of reflexion of gametes (male and female gametes). i. Formulation of male gametes: The nucleus of microgametocyte divides to form 6-8 daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm gives out same number of flagella like projections and daughter nuclei enter in each projection.These projections separate from the cytoplasm and form 6-8 haploid microgamete or male gametes. This process of formation of microgamete is called exflagellation. ii. Formation of female gamete:- The mega gametocyte undergoes some reorganization to form a wiz haploid mega gamete or female gamete which is ready for fertilization. b. fertilization: The male gamete enters the female gamete through the fertilization conoid formed at female gamete and form diploid fertilized ovum or synkaryon. Fusion is anisogamous. c. Ookinete stage:The zygote remains inactive for sometimes and then elongates into a worm like Ookinet e or vermicule, which is motile. The Ookinete penetrates the stomach mole and comes to lie below its outer epithelial layer. d. Oocyst stage: The Ookinete gets enclosed in a cyst. The encysted zygote is called Oocyst. The Oocyst absorbs nourishment and grows in size. 3. Asexual Sporogony The nucleus of Oocyst divides repeatedly to form a large number of haploid daughter nuclei. At the same time, the cytoplasm develops vacuoles and gives numerous cytoplasmatic masses.The daughter nuclei pass into each cytoplasmic mass and develop into slender sickle-shaped sporozoites are formed in each Oocyst. This phase of asexual multiplication is known as sporogony. Lastly, the Oocyet brusts and sporozoites are liberated into the haemolymph of the mosquito. They spread throughout the haemolymph and eventually reach the salivary glands and enter the duct of the hypopharyx. The mosquito is now becomes infective and sporozoites get inoculated or injected the human blood when the mosquito bites. The cycle is repeated. In mosquito whole sexual cycle is completed in 10-12 days.Incubation period: The period between infection and the appearance of first symptoms is called incubation period. It is about 10-14 days in Plasmodium vivax. Pre-patent period: The duration between the sign sporozoites infection and the first appearance of parasites in the blood is called as pre-patent period. It takes about 8 days in Plasmodium vivax. Symptoms of malaria • Mouth becomes dry, nausea and loss of desire • Headache, muscular pain and joint pain • get down, febricity (106° F) and sweating all ein truth 48 hours. • Chill to sweating lasts for 8-10 hours. Liver and spleen become enlarged. • cod to loss of RBC’s anaemia is caused. fit of malaria Malaria can be reassureled by three ship canal 1. Destruction of vector 2. Prevention of infection(prophylaxis) 3. Treatment of patient 4. Public awareness 1. Destruction of vector (Anopheles mosquito) †¢ Mosquito can be killed by spraying DDT, BHC, Dieldrin, Malathion and so forth • plectron up ditches, gutters and pits where the mosquito breeds. • Water surface can be poisoned by spreading kerosene oil, petroleum and so on • A speedly flow of water prevents the mosquito larva and pupa flourishing. Biological control: Certain fishes (trouts, minnows, stickle back), ducks, dragon flies and so forthfeed on larva and pupa of mosquito. 2. Prevention of infection (Prophylaxis) • Use of mosquito nets. • covert doors, windows and ventilators. • Using mosquito repellent creams (e. g. odomus), anti mosquito mat (e. g. Supermat) etc. 3. Treatment of patient: There are some(prenominal) doses that kill different stages of parasite in patient. The oldest drug is Quinine; Paludrine kills almost all stages of parasite. Daraprism (single dose of 25 mg) is the most effective drug.Write short note on Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum causes maligna nt tertian type of malaria. fever reccurs every second or third day, that is, after 36 to 48 hours. Death rate is very high because the infected red blood corpuscles carry to clump into masses, thus blocking up small blood vessels of internal organs, such as brain, spleen, lungs, etc. It is also known as the tropical epidemic malaria of man. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent in P. falciparum. Read more: http://www. hsebguides. com/2012/04/plasmodium-vivax-malarial-parasite. hypertext mark-up language#ixzz2G57xlaK6\r\n'