Ben & Jerrys Homemade Ice Cream - Marketing Stratgies :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Ben & Jerrys was experiencing a steady growth within their earthy sales figures from 1990 to 1993. further, In March 1994, Cost of Sales change magnitude approximately $9.6 billion or 9.5% over the same period in 1993, and the overall gross profit as a percentage of net sales decrease from 28.6% in 1993 to 26.2% in 1994. This loss might have been a depart of several reasons, such as elevated administration and change costs, a negative impact of inventory management, and start up costs associated with trusted flavours of the new Smooth, No Chunks looking glass cream line.Ben & Jerrys selling, general and administrative expenses increase approximately 28% to $36.3 million in 1994 from $28.3 million in 1993 and increased as a percentage of net sales to 24.4% in 1994 from 20.2% in 1993. This increase might reflect the increase in marketing and selling expenses and the increase in the companys administrative infrastructure.Ben & Jerrys loss was not solely collect to their empl oyee orientated approach, but they appeared to have taken out a long amount of capital lease in their aim to automate their occupation to keep up with the intense competition.As reflected in the balance sheet, Ben & Jerrys had reinvested commodious amounts of property and equipment in 1994 increasing their long-term debts by almost 45% in 1993.Alternatives available to the consumer now, and in the foreseeable futureHaagen Dazs is currently the principal(prenominal) competitor in the concentrated market place for super support ice cream. Substitutes are however available. There are other ice creams not in the super premium category. To an extent, these are real competitors. However for the market B&J caters for the up market 25-40s with a high disposable income their strategies should not have a great impact on B&J. The frozen yogurt lines which B&J now provides, has a number of direct competitors to deal with. Dealing with other substitutes is not that simple. overpriced (or n ot) chocolate, cakes, croissants and other post meal consumables are realistic options for the consumer. Ferrara Rocha will mark you that their product is the perfect accompaniment to any meal. B&J take aim to be wary of this. How he/she makes the choice for ice cream (as hostile to chocolate etc.) and then super premium (as opposed to premium or ordinary) and then B&J (as opposed to Haagen Dazs etc.) is essential. See section 3.21 Research The possibility of a rival ceasing B&Js place as no.

Different Approaches To Management

Management was influenced by miscellaneous discip beds resembling sociology, economics, political wisdom, anthropology, psychology, and even literature. c stillable to such multidisciplinary influences, even authors alike Harold Koontz (1961) referred to instruction as a jungle. Even then, differences exist in the classification of organise pop outes. Although whizz of the ways to classify concern approaches is from the analysis of earth-closet G.Hutchinson (1971), which considers the exploitation of direction from five different perspectives, the history of focusing lavatory be broadly classified into three groups (1) the authorised approach, (2) the neo-serious music approach, and (3) the sophisticated approach. The virtuous approach has convention onlyy implied traditionally accepted views. This approach emphasizes shapingal expertness to increase organisational success. It studys in functional inter affinitys, pursuit of certain principles cup of tea on experience, a bureaucratic organize, and a reward-punishment nexus.The classical develop of idealion develop in three different directions the scientific prudence approach, the administrative approach, and the bureaucratic approach, which also falls under the administrative inculcate of musical theme. The bureaucratic approach was pi wholenessered by weber (1920), the scientific focusing approach by Taylor (1903), and the judgment of administrative opening by Fayol (1949). The neo-classical approach / behavioral approach punctuate gracious relations, the importance of the person behind the machine, individual as well as group bloods, and brotherly aspects.This approach was pioneered by whitethorno and his associates (1933). It was come on extended to the behavioral sciences approach, pioneered by Abraham Maslow (1968, 1971), Chris Argyris (1957), Douglas McGregor (1960), and Rensis Likert (1961). The vicenary approach (which infixed during World warf are II an d believes in economic effectiveness to ferment business problems) and the contingency approach (which discards the notion of universality and determines managerial lasts by considering detailal factors) also form a part of the neo-classical approach.Modern focal point thought combines concepts of the classical tame with favorable and natural sciences. It basically emerged from systems analysis. Even though roughly discussions on the evolution of management thought start with the classical approach, a brief acknowledgement of the contributions of the pre-classical theoreticians is use of right-hand(a)s and servicesful to appreciate the process of development in management thought. A list of the contributions by pre-classical theorists has been provided in remand 1. 1. panel 1. 1 Contributions of Pre-classical Theorists Contributor Pioneering ideas Robert Owen (17711858)He is considered to be a pioneer of the human imaging management process. He advocated the compulsion of concern for the welf be of workers. Charles Babbage (17921871) As an armourer and a management scientist, he built the practical mechanical calculator, which is considered to be the basis of the modern computing device. He also advocated the idea of superfluousization of noetic work and suggested the necessity of profit sharing. Andrew Ure and Charles Duplin (17781857) They emphasized the necessity of management education, which further paved the way to professionalize management functions.Henry Robinson Towne (18441924) He emphasized the moment of skills in running a business. Reviewing the contributions of the pre-classical theorists, it is clear that their focus was more than on developing somewhat specific techniques to sack some identified problems. Due to their obvious technical background, they could not think of management as a sepa range field. By and large, they integrated management with their respective argonas of specialization. Andrew Ure, Charles Duplin, and Henry Robinson Towne largely laid the foundation of management speculation, which has ultimately shaped modern management thought.Classical School of Thought This condition of thought is divided into two approachesthe scientific school and the administrative school. The theorists of this school laid down the foundation of managing an brass section in accordance with certain principles. In Table 1. 2, the contributions of each theorist put one over been highlighted. scientific management Scientific management is a classical approach that emphasizes the Scientific rent of work methods to improve efficiency of workers. Among all the contributors to this school of thought, the contribution of Taylor is thought to be the most eventful.Regarded as the be quarterter of Scientific management, Taylor developed specific principles for this field in 1911. He started his experiments with the concept of Scientific management in 1878 at Midvale Steel Co. During his days at Midvale, h e saw that employees were soldiering, that is, deliberately work at a pace slower than ones capabilities. He concluded that workers indulged in soldiering earlier for three reasons (1) fear of losing their stage businesss if they increase their yield, (2) faulty wage systems, and (3) outdated methods of on the job(p). Table 1. 2 Contributions of Classical Theorists Scientific managementFrederick W. Taylor (18561915) Development of Scientific management coarse B. and Lillian M. Gilbreth (18681972) Time and trend studies Henry L. Gantt (18611919) The Gantt chart Administrative theory Henri Fayol (18411925) planetary theory of management Max Weber (18641920) Rules of management For eliminating this problem, Taylor developed the principles of Scientific management, emphasizing five heavy issues 1. Emphasize organized knowledge earlier than rely on rule of thumb 2. Obtain harmony in group action 3. Achieve cooperation 4. Work for maximum output sort of than restricted output 5. Develop the potential of the workers both for their self-development and organizational prosperity In essence, Taylor emphasized the sideline points to achieve organizational efficiency Develop a Scientific way of carry finisheding jobs Train and develop the potential of the workers to perform the job Establish harmonious relations between management and workers In order to train that such objectives argon achieved, Taylor suggested two important managerial practices the piece-rate incentive system and clipping and bm study. The piece-rate incentive system rewards the worker who produces maximum output.Such an incentive system will motivate workers to work more to maximize their earnings. This system requires workers to perform at some pre-decided standard rate to earn their base wages. Standards atomic number 18 decided employ time and motion study. If workers are able to produce more, then in addition to their base rate they get incentives on the egress of excess units pr oduced over and to a higher ordain the standard units. This serves the interest of workers as well as managementworkers find out motivated to maximize their earnings, while management gets the benefit of increased productivity.Time and motion study, as already pointed out, aids the determination of the standard time required for do a job. Time study helps in the determination of time required, duly defining the art of recording, analyzing, and synthesizing the time elements of each operation. Motion study, on the another(prenominal) hand, involves study of movements in doing a job in parts. It eliminates wasteful movements and retains only the necessary ones. Thus, it makes a job simple, easier, and better. Taylor developed the time and motion study concepts in association with Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.Like Taylor, Frank Gilbreth is also known as the father of motion study. Lillian Gilbreth conducted research on motion studies. Both of them explored ways of reducing fatigue. They had classified seventeen basic hand motions including search, select, position, and hold, which they called therbligs (Gilbreth spelled backward with th treated as one letter). Their approach helps us to analyze the unfavorable elements of a workers hand movements. A simple modification of a brick-laying approach, following the Gilbreths studies, helped to increase hourly output from 120 bricks to 350.Henry Laurence Gantt also worked as a close associate of Taylor at Midvale and subsequently at Bethlehem Steel. His contributions to the Scientific management school of thought are the problem and bonus system and a chart commonly known as the Gantt chart, developed in the eld 19101915. As per his incentive plan, workers receive their day wages even when they do not perform their fetch up job. On the other hand, they get a bonus when they take less than the normal standard time to complete the work. It was further recommended that there be openment of bonus to foremen as we ll, ground on the incremental surgical process of workers.The Gantt chart is used for output cookery to compare actual and planned performances. It is a visual device for turnout control, indicating progress of production in terms of time rather than quantity. In fact, the programme evaluation and review technique (PERT) concept was subsequently developed based on the Gantt chart. In Chapter 7, the Gantt chart has been illustrated in detail. just just about of the d earthybacks of scientific management are The basic principles of scientific management revolve nearly operations problems and do not focus on managerial issues, essential for managing an organization.That is why it is often said that it is more focused on design than on management. The assumptions of this theory about population in general are that they are rational and primarily driven by their desire to follow up material gains. Only the economic and physical demand of people are emphasized, to the exclusio n of their social needs. This theory also ignores the human desire for job satisfaction. Administrative theory Administrative theory, another part of the classical school of thought, focuses on principles to coordinate the internal activities in an organization.General theory of management The cut industrialist Fayol, through his pioneering work General and Industrial Management published in English in 1949, explained that satisfactory results can be achieved with scientific foretelling and proper methods of management. At the outset, Fayol classified the business operations of an organization into six-spot activities and then adumbrate 14 principles of management. The six activities are 1. Technical It is concerned with production and manufacturing. 2. Commercial It includes all activities related to buying, selling, and exchange. 3. Financial It ensures optimal use of capital.4. Security It ensures the protection of employees and property. 5. Accounting It is concerned with c osts, profits and liabilities, maintaining balance sheets, and collect statistics. 6. Managerial It is a functional approach to management and is concerned with planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. after(prenominal) detailing all these activities, Fayol primarily focused on the managerial activities and outlined 14 principles to achieve efficiency. These 14 principles are as follows 1. Division of bray If people are specialized at their work, they can perform their parturiency better.This principle recommends grouping of people as per their area of specialization. The modern concourse-line concept is an outcome of division of labor. 2. Authority Managers must have part to get things done. Yet, formal authority alone may not help to compel obedience from subordinates managers must have the expertise to exert individualized authority. 3. arena volume working in an organization need to comply with rules and agreements that baffle the organization. Without discipline, results cannot be achieved. Strong discipline and leadership are inter-connected and these can unitedly create an environment of positive work culture.4. Unity of command Members in an organization must receive instructions from only one person. date will arise when one receives orders and instructions from multiple managers. Therefore, the reporting relationship of one subordinate should be with one superior. 5. Unity of direction any operations in an organization need to be directed towards one objective. Without this, achievement of goals cannot be ensured. 6. Subordination of individual interest to the common good The interests of an individual employee should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole. 7.Remuneration It should be clean to both employees and employers. 8. Centralization Centralization reduces the single-valued function of the subordinates in decision making, while decentralization enhances it. Managers should retain responsibility through centralization but at the same time take back their subordinates exuberant authority to do their jobs properly. 9. Hierarchy There should be a line of authority, illustrated in the form of an organization chart clearly showing the structure of authority from the top management to employees down the line. 10. Order People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.Job allocation to people should be made in a way that suits them. 11. Equity Managers should be fair to their subordinates. 12. Stability of staff Employee turnover should be less to ensure efficiency of an organization. 13. Initiative Subordinates should have the freedom to conceive new ideas and do their task, even though they may commit mistakes. 14. Esprit de corps Team feel should be promoted to develop a culture of unity in the organization. single-valued function of verbal communication instead of formal written communication, wherever possible, may help in develop ing the team spirit in an organization.Bureaucratic theory The bureaucratic theory pioneered by Weber (1920), which falls under the administrative school of thought, emphasizes authority structures and description of an organization based on the authority relations. According to Weber, a bureaucratism is highly structured, formalized, and impersonal organization. In fact, he has advocated the necessity of a formal organization structure with set rules and regulations. The characteristics of a bureaucratic organization as described by Weber are shown in Table 1. 3.Bureaucracy is often misunderstood as organism a web of red tape and too many rules. However, Webers concept is intended to remove ambiguity, inefficiencies, and patronage. Criticism of the classical school of thought Behavioral theorists criticized the classical theorists on a number of grounds. First of all, management principles are not universally applicable in todays complex business situation. Some principles of Fayol are also contradictory, for example, the principle of specialization contradicts the principle of unity of command.Similarly, Webers bureaucracy also takes away the individuals creativity and flexibility, and dissuades them from responding to a complex situation in a global environment. Further, classical theorists also ignored the important aspects of organizational behaviour. These theories do not deal with the problems of leadership, motivation, berth, or informal relations. They also bolt to consider the internal and external environmental forces affecting an organization. These stress the necessity of achieving productivity, more than anything else. Neo-classical School of ThoughtThis school of thought, which was a transitional physique, basically emphasized human relations. Table 1. 3 Characteristics of Bureaucratic Theory Characteristics Description forte of labor Jobs are broken down into routine, well-defined tasks so that members of the organization know what is expec ted from them and they can run short competent enough to do a specific subset of tasks. Formal rules and procedures Written rules and procedures should specify the desired behaviors from members of the organization, facilitate coordination, and ensure uniformity. ImpersonalityRules, procedures, and sanctions should be applied uniformly regardless of individuals. Well-defined pecking order Multiple levels of positions must be designed carefully keeping in mind the reporting relationships among levels. This should provide for supervision, handling of exceptions, and ability to establish responsibility of actions. Career advancement based on merit Selection and promotions should be based on the qualifications and performance of members. Behavioral theories The behavioral school of management emphasizes the human element in an organization, duly recognizing its importance.It puts more stress on individual attitudes and behaviors and on group processes. The major contributors to this school of thought are named inTable 1. 4. Mary Parker Follet was the pioneer of the behavioural approach to management. She recognize the significance of the human element and attributed greater significance to the functioning of groups in the workplace. According to Follet, the critical role of managers should be to bring constructive change in the organization, following the principle of power with rather than power over.She clarified that power should not be based on hierarchical levels but should be collectively developed, fostering a cooperative concept, involving superiors and subordinates, and finally working together as a team. Hence, the need is for more power sharing. Organizations need to become democratic to accommodate employees and managers. People will work harder when the organization recognizes the individuals do desires. Table 1. 4 Major Contributors to the Behavioral School Contributors Contributions Mary Parker Follet (18681933)Elton mayo (18801949) Abraham M aslow (18081970) Douglas McGregor (190664) Group influences in the workplace Effect of human motivation on productivity and output Relates human motivation to a hierarchy of needs Emphasizes human characteristicstheory X and theory Yand the corresponding tendency of leadership Chris Argyris (1923present) Human and organizational development pose I and model II darn Follet was the pioneer of the behavioural approach to management, it is Elton Mayo who is recognized as the father of the human relations approach.Mayo and his associates conducted their study at horse opera Electrics Hawthorne Plant between 1927 and 1932, to evaluate the attitudes and psychological reactions of workers in on-the-job situations. Their experiments were carried out in four phases (1) blaze experiments (2) relay assembly test fashion experiments, (3) interview phase, and (4) bank wiring observation room experiment. Illumination experiments These experiments took place initially between 1924 and 1927, in Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric party and obscure industrial engineers of the same company.The experiments involved manipulation of glitter for one group of workers (test group) and comparing their performance and productivity with another group for whom illumination was not manipulated (control group). In the first spell of experiment, for the test group (for whom the illumination was manipulated) performance and productivity improved. However, this did not last long. In fact, the control groups performance also rose in between with the alteration in excitation conditions for the test group, even though for the control group there was no change in the lighting conditions.With such contradictory results, researchers concluded that chroma of illumination was not related to productivity of workers. There had to be something too illumination which influenced the performance of workers in Western Electric Company. Elton Mayo and his associates from Harvard University were inv olved at this point in conducting the subsequent phase of experiments. Relay assembly test room experiments This set of experiments was conducted under the guidance of Elton Mayo between 1927 and 1933. At this stage too, researchers were concerned about factors like working hours, working conditions, refreshments, and temperatures.To start with, the researchers selected six women employees of the relay assembly test room. Their jobs were to assemble relay (a small device) using thirty-five spare parts. Selected women employees (samples) were put in a separate room and briefed about the experiments. In the test room, a number of variables were altered, for example, increased wages and rest period, shortened workday and workweek, etc. In addition, the sample workers were addicted the freedom to leave their workstation without permission and were also given special attention. Productivity increased over the study period.Such results led the researchers to believe that better treatment of subordinates made them more productive. They highlighted the significance of social relations. Finally, the researchers were win over that workers would perform better if management looked after their welfare and supervisors paid special attention to them. This condition was later labelled as the Hawthorne effect. Interview phase In this phase of the experiments, about 21,000 people were interviewed over three eld between 1928 and 1930. The purpose of the interviews was to explore the attitudes of workers in depth.The conclusions that emerged were A complaint is not necessarily an objective recital of facts it may also reflect personal disturbance, the cause of which may be deep-rooted. All objects, persons, and events carry some social meaning. They relate to employees satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Workers personal situations are results of configurations of relationships, involving sentiments, desires, and interests. Such relative variables, when related to the workers o wn past and present interpersonal relations, result in their personal situation.Workers assign meaning to their status in the organization and give value to events, objects, and specific features of their environment (hours of work, wages, etc. ). Workers derive satisfaction or dissatisfaction from the social status of an organization. This actor that they also look for social rewards, associating them with an organization. Workers social demands are influenced by social experiences in groups, both inside and outback(a) the workplace. Bank wiring observation room experiment This part of the Hawthorne experiments was conducted to test some of the ideas that the researchers formed during the interview phase.It was conducted between 1931 and 1932. In this experiment, there were xiv participants (samples) including wire-men, solder men, and inspectors. There was no change in the physical working conditions. Sample workers were paid based on an incentive pay plan, relating their pay t o output. They had the opportunity to earn more by increasing the output. However, as the researchers observed, the output was constant at a certain level. Analysis of the results showed that the group encourages uncomplete too much nor too short(p) work. They enforce a fair days work on their own.Group norms, therefore, are more important to the worker than money. The study, thus, provided some insights into informal social relations within groups. The Hawthorne experiments, by focusing on the importance of human relations, contributed immensely to management theory. In the behavioural school of thought, other contributors like Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor, and Chris Argyris also left a significant impact. While Maslow focused on the importance of human needs, which are major movement forces for human motivation, McGregor made certain assumptions about people, categorizing them under theory X and theory Y.Theory X essentially represents a negative view about people, that is, people are lazy by nature, have little ambition, loathe work, avoid responsibility, and require direction to work. Theory Y, on the contrary, assumes that people are more positive, capable of self-control, innovative and creative, and they do not inherently nauseate work. These theories have been further discussed in detail in Chapter 5. Chris Argyriss contributions to the behavioral school of thought are extremely important.His contributions comprise the maturityimmaturity theory, the desegregation of individual and organizational goals, and the patterns of model I and model II. According to the maturityimmaturity theory, people progress from a stage of immaturity and dependence to a state of maturity and independence. If organizations keep their employees in a subordinate state, they allow them to remain immature and thereby prevent them from achieving their potential. Argyris further contended that a formal organization develops a rigid structure, compelling people to broo k in an immature way. This leads to incongruencebetween the individual and organizational goals, hinders organizational development, leads to failure, and fosters frustration and conflict. People end up showing their aggression, regression, and suppression in non-homogeneous ways. sit around I and model II patterns are two different assumptions. Workers in the model I reference of organization are motivated by the desire to manipulate others and protect themselves from others. Workers in the model II eccentric of organization are less manipulative and more willing to watch over and take risks. Argyris, therefore, suggested that managers try to create a model II type of organization.Likert and Drucker have also contributed significantly to this school of thought. Likert attributes low productivity and unworthy morale of employees to a exemplary job-centred supervision technique. He has suggested some typical leadership styles to ensure better productivity and improved morale o f workers. These have been discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Drucker, on the other hand, pioneered several modern management concepts in the fields of innovation, creativity, problem solving, organization design, and management by objectives (MBO).All his principles have been acknowledged and are referred to throughout this book. Criticism of the neo-classical school of thought Despite the brilliant contributions by the behavioral school of thought to the theories of management, it was criticized on the following grounds It is believed that the procedures and analysis of the findings and the conclusions drawn thereon have little relevance. In fact, the conclusions are not supported by adequate evidence.The relationship between satisfaction of workers and productivity was established with simplistic assumptions, while in reality the situation is more complex due to behavioral phenomena. Further, all these studies failed to focus on the attitudes of workers, although attitudes play a crucial role in influencing workers performance and productivity. Modern Approaches Some modern approaches have played a significant role in the evolution of management theories, such as the quantitative school, the systems theory, and the contingency theory. The quantitative school of thought emerged during World War II.During the war, managers, government officials, and scientists were brought together to help the army to effectively utilize imagerys. These experts, using some earlier mathematical approaches to the concepts advocated by Taylor and Gantt, solved many logistic problems in the war. Subsequent to the war, such techniques were applied by many organizations to solve their business problems. This school of thought extensively utilizes statistics, optimization models, reading models, and computer simulations for decision making and economic effectiveness to solve business problems.It has various branches, such as management science, operations management, and management information systems. The management science approach visualizes management as a logical entity, expressing management in terms of mathematical symbols, relationships, and measurement data. Also known as the operations research approach, it is applied in areas like capital budgeting and cash-flow management, production scheduling, product strategy development, human resource planning, and inventory management.Various mathematical tools like queuing theory, linear programming, PERT, CPM, decision theory, simulation, replacement, probability theory and sampling, time-series analysis, and index numbers are used to minimize the error in management decisions. The operations management approach is primarily concerned with production management and its related areas. In fact, it is difficult to draw a line between management science and operations management. Most of the mathematical tools mentioned earlier are used in operations management.Moreover, this approach also helps in decision ma king in other functional areas like finance, marketing, and human resource management. The management information systems approach focuses on designing and implementing computer-based information systems for use by management. It converts raw data into information inputs, which are subsequently used by management for decision making. Modern management information systems help in enterprise-wide decision making, integrating all functions of management.Enterprise-wide decision support systems (such as human resource information systems) are used for critical or strategically important decisions, as these provide valuable information inputs. An extension of the quantitative school of thought is the systems theory approach. This approach considers the organization as a whole because of the interdependent nature of activities, requiring the organization to interact with external environmental factors. In this competitive scenario,organizations cannot function in isolation. It has to oper ate in open systems, interacting with the environment.Whether it is new-product development or employee selection, the organization has to consider them as open systems, as its decisions are interrelated and interdependent with the environmental situation. Synergy is the phenomenon of open systems of management by which the total system is more than a simple sum of its parts. It means that if a manager effectively coordinates the efforts of related sub-systems, the result will be greater than the sum total of such independent efforts, that is, 2 + 2 will be greater than 4. The systems approach to management is also important because it helps in avoiding entropy.Entropy is a syndrome wherein systems and processes eventually decay. By relating the organization to the environment, following a systems approach, such a situation can be averted. The contingency theory approach discards the concept of universality in management principles and determines managerial decisions considering sit uational factors. The task of a manager, as per this theory, is to identify which techniques willin a particular situation, under particular circumstances, at a particular point of timebest contribute to achieving organizational goals.The theory contends that organizational phenomena exist in a logical pattern, which managers can understand gradually by see various situations. They can thereby frame their managerial styles, which vary from situation to situation. The contingency theory and the systems theory are together classified as the integrative school of management thought because these two theories integrate the classical, behavioral, and quantitative theories into a framework that uses only the best of each approach in a given situation.

Critically evaluate the current status of the setting including policies and practices Essay

Self-reflection is a really important tool to be used in order to control the nursery up to date with cur rake command and to raise swear tabu hackneyeds. By regularly looking at where we atomic number 18 as a setting we can ensure that we continue to offer exalted tone of voice education to our children. Research has proven that self-reflection and evaluation both support adept class period within a setting as a decompose of continual development. Importantly this self-reflection supports good outcomes for children. (Barber and Paul-Smith 2009, pg.8)We have been using Ofsted SEF to evaluate where we are doing well and assess where we film to improve. The self-evaluation form is designed to help ahead of time age providers to review and improve their practice, so that it is of the highest standard and offers the best love for young children. Importantly it is a useful tool for you and any assistants or staff to evaluate the impact of what you do on childrens welfare, acquisition and development. (Ofsted 2009, pg.13)PEST ANALYSISPOLITICAL Politically unsettled Arab spring human dictatorship No pressure groups back up change of legislation yet no clear guidelines No official body or organisation to refer to Government policies are not consistent and not correctly disseminatedECONOMICAL Unsecure financial world markets Fluctuating exchange rates valuable living Uncertainties in the economy No direct income taxes or bathtub Several indirect taxes change magnitude running costs Rapid magnification of Early age industry Increasing competitionSOCIAL Increasing number of working mothers Wider range of people Image of good standard of living and overall safety People moving and settling in the area Increased focus on Early Years teaching method Attractive area for various nationalities Broad spectrum of curriculum covered in the countryTECHNOLOGICAL Easier information access (internet) Wider audience Better top executive to reach out to the Community Blogging (positive and/or negative) Personal Technology CCTV cameras(name of city) is a safe place, its economy is considered ever flourishing just due to the ongoing global economical crisis it has its financial restraints. This abstract has also outlined how a business can be easily set up but also how difficult it is for it to thrive due to frequent changes in the legislation and the lack of consistent guidelines. Nevertheless, the increased interest in Early Years Education will soon allow practitioners to offer to all children high standards of learning.SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS Well trained, qualified and experienced staff imposing facilities Outstanding outdoor area Central location Extra-curricular activities Early years themed workshops and professional advisorsWEAKNESSES Turnover of staff due to economic situation Policies and Procedures (only hardly a(prenominal) in place) Being tenant of the facilities Old building badly hold Lack of training opportunities L imited parental involvement Managerial control decision making abilityOPPORTUNITIES Several marketing options Exponential increment of market Partnership with professionals in child headache Diversified skills of staff with different backgrounds Wide professional networkTHREATS Extremely high price of rent Frequent new regulations with high implement costs New nurseries hunt down staff and rising salary expectations Loss of key staff Frequent families relocations(name of nursery) is a newly established nursery in (name of city) that was initially aforethought(ip) with a greater focus on business rather than learning. Policies and Procedures were compiled and printed out hastily, without team brainstorming or subsequent effective compliance. The absence of particularized legal requirements in the country makes it possible for nursery and day cares to operate, though in the best interest of children, without proper policies and procedures in place.Going finished the process of self-evaluation has been the most valuable eye opener possible for me. I now know where we are and where we want to be. PEST and SWOT analysis have allowed me to celebrate our strengths and pinpoint our weaknesses.Generally all policies will need to be rewritten, implemented and properly disseminated, but priority will be given to Child Protection and Behaviour Management Policies. A rung training plan also needs to be put in place in order to ensure high standards in care and education of all children. Last but not least, it will be paramount to monitor progress and ensure that our procedures reflect our policies and that good practice is consistent throughout the academic year by gathering licence regularly.

Art Appreciation: Romare Bearden

Therefore in that location is a ruddiness in the painting as well I weigh that is symbolizes the young brothel keeper worth. It appears someone was giving her a rose to make her feel better. The angel that appears in the painting symbolizes comfort, patience, protection, understanding, and others. Bearden painting symbolizes that the African American struggles were not a Joke. In those times it symbolizes that it was still racialism going on ith our culture.We were losing our Jobs, because we had pot fighting for our rights, girls that were at the age of cardinal had to quit school because they had to help out in their homes. This painting symbolizes a lot of things that was going on in the early and late 1960s. As I said once before that the angel was there for many reasons as in comfort for the struggle, protection from the pain and destruction, understanding that there will be better times, and Jobs. Rom be Bearden, Rocket to the Moon, 1971 to me is my favorite painting.It is really a collage fragments build a scene of quiet despair and stoical perservance. You can see in the painting that the rocket is headed to moon however, age urban life below remains punctuated by a rubicund stop-light. The definition of Stoic is an ancient Greek school of philosophy that assert that happiness can only be achieved by accepting lifes up and downs. In this painting you claim a lot of things that symbolizes the African American culture. The black cat represents the black panthers that were a group of an organization ith people who were fghting back for the black people.The picture of Martin Luther King Jr. symbolizes that he was tortuous in the Civil Rights Movement and he was an activist for the NAACP. I believe that this whole picture symbolizes the Harlem Renaissance that was going on in Harlem, bare-ass York. The Harlem Renaissance involves Langston Hughes, the different types of music, different type of dances, and different type of optical arts too. The Harlem Renaissance has brought African American to Justice to say we shed something we can abide to. I believe that the red ight symbolizes to stop the ferocity and stop the racism.I believe that the green light symbolizes to lets look at situations in a ditterent way than what the way we see them. Bearden makes an ironic statement, placing that we as African American has accomplished and still are making history each day. Bearden use a great visual statement placing Americas accomplishments in topographic point alongside the stalled social and economic progress of many urban areas. As I come to my conclusion, Bearden use his visual art to describe the past, present, and future.He symbolizes that in Prevalence of Ritual, Tidings, 1967, there was an angel to protect and comfort the young lady through whatever her case was. The rose symbolizes that she has a destiny and a worth. The present symbolizes that we have angels that surrounds us every day. We as women have rights and hav e a destiny that can be fulfilled if we Just trammel fast to our dreams. The future reference is to hope for better days, we have rights to do such as vote, and to visual art to is extinct to express who we are , our success, and where we come from.

Chicago Referencing

sugar Author-Date Referencing 2007 The Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic schemas of documentation. in that location is the humanities style (which can alike be known as the foot notational system and cobblers lastnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well(p) as the au- thor-date style. This guide follows the germ-date system of referencing. This involves quotes within the text cor- reticuloendothelial systemponding to a full bibliographic entering in the mention run at the end of the document. The in-text quotations let in the seeds last name, followed by the date of effect in parentheses.The bibliographic entry in the part list intromits all the other necessary publication information. When using End none, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2007. Note this foliate is simply an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University library provides a modified adaption of the origin-da te system presented in The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago The University of Chicago compress. How to cite references Chicago style. 2006. http//wwwlib. murdoch. edu. au/find/ reference point/chicago. htmlIt is very significant that you check your department or schools concession guide as approximately details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your schools requirements. The information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above cums. What is Referencing? Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and roots that you have used in your appellative in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished carrys moldiness be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a apprize guide to the C hicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the authors name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text reference books. wherefore write? Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable adopters to follow-up and read more fully the cited authors arguments. Steps Involved in Referencing 1.Note down the full bibliographic details including the page weigh(s) from which the information is taken. In the case of a book, bibliographical details refers to author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, raft number, place of publication and publisher as found on the motility and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable). In the case of a journal article, the details required include author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issu e number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL). 2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below). 3. volunteer a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below). In-Text Citations design the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment. Where authors of divers(prenominal) references have the self like(prenominal) family name, include the authors initials in the in-text citation i. . (Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are include in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e. g. (Brown 1991 Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author. When directly quoting from another source, the relevant p age number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or extensive text, include the relevant page number, as this might be reclaimable to the reader. How to Create a fibre tendencyIn general, page numbers should be included in all in-text citations, as many schools insist on this practice. A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. The Chicago style requires the blurb and subsequent lines of the reference o be indented, as shown in the examples below, to highlighting the a lphabetical order. 2 casings of Referencing halts In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference event? ) Single author The theory was first propounded in 1982 (Horwood 1982, 65)ORHorwood (1982, 65) claimed that Horwood, J. 1982. Comfort. London Unwin Paperbacks. Book 2 or 3 authors (Madden and Hogan 1997, 22)ORMadden and Hogan (1997, 22) dis- cuss this ideaOR(Jones, Madding and Davis 1998, 34) Madden, R. , and T. Hogan. 1997. The definition ofdisability in Australia Moving towards national consistency.capital of Australia Australian contribute of health and WelfareORJones, J. , M. Madding, and B. Davis. 1998. How to ride a pony. Sydney Australian Aquarian Press. Book More than 3 authors (Leeder et al. 1996, 2) Leeder, S. R. , A. J. Dobson, R. Gibbers, N. R. Patel, P. S. Mathews, D. A. Williams, and D. Mariot. 1996. TheAustralian word-painting industry. Adelaide Dominion Press. Book Unknown authorshipor anonymous works (Advertising in the occidental Cape 1990, 74). Advertising in the Western Cape. 1990. Cape Town ABC Publishers. Book Multiple works bysame author University research (Brown 1982, 1988) has indicated that Brown, P. 982. Corals in the Capricorn group. Rock- hampton rudimentary Queensland University. Brown, P. 1988. The effects of anchor on red corals. Rockhampton Central Queensland University. Order chronologically in the reference list. Book 3 of 11 Multiple workspublished in the same year by the same Author In recent reports (Napier 1993a, 55) exercise a/b etc. to differentiate between works in same year. Napier, A. 1993a. Fatal storm. Sydney Allen &038 Unwin. Napier, A. 1993b. Survival at sea. Sydney Allen &038 Unwin. Order alphabetically by title in the reference list. Book Editor Kastenbaum 1993, 91-2) Kastenbaum, R. , ed. 1993. Adult development. Phoe- nonentity Oryx Press. Edited Book Different Editions Neil Renton (2004, 75) suggests that Renton, N. 2004. Compendium of good writing. tertiary ed. Milton John Wiley &038 Sons. An edition number is placed after the title of the work this is not necessary for a first edition. Book(put 3rd in Edition). No date (Housley 2006? )OR(Housley n. d. ) Housley, N. 2006? . Contesting the crusades. Malden, MA Blackwell. ORHousley, N. n. d. Contesting the crusades. Malden, MA Blackwell. Book(put 2006? or n. d. in Year). Encyclopedia/ vocabulary In the section on eternal sleepwalking in the Encyclopedia of Sleep andDreaming (Mahowald 1993, 578) Entries in an encyclopedia or dictionary are not listed in the reference list. immortalize the in-text citation manually. Article or chapter in a book As discussed by Blaxter (1976, 120-35)OR(Blaxter 1976, 120-35) Blaxter, M. 1976. Social class and health inequalities In Equalities and inequalities in health, ed. C. Carter and J. Peel, 120-35. London Academic Press. Book percentage Article or chapter in a book no author ( resoluteness the Y2K problem 1997, 23) Solving the Y2K problem. 997. In e ngine room today and tomorrow, ed. D. Bowd, 23-35. New YorkVan Nostrand Reinhold. Book Section Brochure (Research and education Centre 2003) Research and Training Centre on Independent Living. 2003. Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities Brochure. Melbourne Research and Training Centre. The publishers name may be abbreviated if it is also the author. BookType Brochure manually after the Title. E-book (Pettinger 2002) Pettinger, R. 2002. Global organizations. Oxford Capstone make. http//www. netlibrary. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ Details. spx (accessed phratry 28, 2004). electronic Book(put September 28, 2004 in Date price of admissioned) Thesis (Jones 1998, 89) Jones, F. 1998. The mechanism of Bayer relief flocculation. PhD diss. , Curtin University ofTechnology. http//adt. curtin. edu. au/theses/ available/adt-WCU20020610. 142909/ (accessedNovember 28, 2006). Thesis(put PhD diss. in Thesis Type) ConferenceProceeding (Hill 2000, 112) Hill , R. 2000. Proceedings of the Ninth conflict of the transnational subject area Trust, March 3-5, 2000 TheNational Trust into the sassy millennium. Alice Springs, NT Australian Council of NationalTrusts. http//search. informit. om. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/searchrec=11action= showCompleteRec (accessed November 29, 2006). Conference Proceeding(put 2000 in Year of Conference, The National Trust into the new millenniumin Title Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the International National Trust in Conference Name, March 3-5 in Date,Alice Springs, NT in ConferenceLocation, Australian Council of National Trusts in Publisher). annual report of an organisation (Department of change and Regional Services 2001)OR(Billabong International Ltd 2005) Department of Transport and Regional Services. 2001. Annual report 2001-02. capital of Australia DTRS.ORBillabong International Ltd. 2005. Annual report 2005 brands. http//www. connect4. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/products/ar/ index. html (accessed November 29, 2006). Report(put DTRS in Institution) Image in a book The bill Buy Australian Apples (Cowle and Walker 2005, 65) Cowle, C. , and D. Walker. 2005. The art of apple branding Image. Hobart Apples from Oz. BookType Image manually after the title. Print ledgers In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type? ) Article As mentioned by Wharton (1996, 8) Wharton, N. 1996. Health and natural rubber in outdoor activity centres.Journal of Adventure Educationand Outdoor Leadership 12 (1) 8-23. Journal Article Article no author Its a growing problem in the UK. (Anorexia nervosa 1969, 17) Anorexia nervosa. 1969. British Medical Journal 12 (2) 6-19. Journal ArticleYou will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear in italics. publisher, feature ormagazine article (Towers 2000, 3) Towers, K. 2000. Doctor not at fault Coroner. The Australian, January 18. Newspaper Article(put January 18 in Issue Date) Newspaper, featur e ormagazine article no author The Sydney Morning Herald (21 Jan. 2000, 12) reported. Provide all the details in the in-text citation no need for an entry in the reference list. Press release . in the press release on 1 March,BHP enters new era, Watersmith ex- plains Treated like an unpublished document. No need for an entry in the reference list. You will need to enter the in-text citation manually. Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type? ) intact text from anelectronic database (Madden 2002, 562) Madden, G. 2002. network economics and constitution An Australian perspective. Economic Record 78 (2) 551-78. Informit Online. http// search. nformit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullTextdn=200208736res=APAFT (accessed October 16, 2003). Journal Article(put Informit Online in Name of Database, http//search. informit. com. audbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullTextdn=200208736 res=APAFT in URL, October 16, 2003 in Access Date ). Full text from anelectronic database no author The internet has had a huge impact on the Australianeconomy (Internet economics and policy 2002, 350)You will need to edit the in-text citation for it to appear in italics. Internet economics and policy An Australian perspective. 2002. Economic Record 78 (2) 551-78. Informit Online. ttp//search. informit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullTextdn=200208736res=APAFT (accessed October 16, 2003). Journal Article(put Informit Online in Name of Database, http//search. informit. com. au. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/fullTextdn=20020 8736res=APAFT in URL, October 16, 2003 in Access Date). 6 of 11 Full text newspaper,newswire or magazine from an electronic database no author (Cup lifts Seven out of ratings discolour 2006, 33) Cup lifts Seven out of ratings blues. 2006. The Australian, November 13. Factiva. http//global. factiva. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ha/ default. aspx (accessed November 24, 2006). Newspaper Article(put No vember 13 in Issue Date,Factiva in Name of Database, http// global. factiva. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/ ha/default. aspx in URL, November 24, 2006 in Access Date). Full text from the Internet It was proposed by Byrne (2004, 2) that Byrne, A. 2004. The end of history Censorship and libraries. The Australian Library Journal 53 (2). http//www. alia. org. au/ publishing/alj/53. 2/full. text/ byrne. html (accessed November 13, 2004). Journal Article(put http//www. alia. org. au/publishing/ alj/53. 2/full. text/byrne. html in URL). Article from Curtin E- Reserve (Andersen 2002, 343) Andersen, J.A. 2002. organisational design Two lessons to learn before re-organizing. International Journal of organizational Theory and Behavior 5 (3/4) 343. Curtin University Li-brary E-Reserve. http//edocs. lis. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=DC65012621. pdf (accessed November 24, 2006). Journal Article(put Curtin University Library E-Reserve in Name of Database, http//edocs. lis. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=DC650 12621. pdf in URL, November 24, 2006 in Access Date). Article from databaseon CD-ROM (BPO) (La Rosa 1992, 58) La Rosa, S. M. 1992. Marketing slays the downsizing dragon.Information at once 9 (3) 58-9. UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc (accessed November 24, 2006). Journal Article(put UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc inURL). Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type? ) Book (Lewis and Carini 1984)Cite the source the quotation is from. Lewis, E. N. , and P. V. Carini. 1984. Nurse staffing and patient classification strategies for success. Rockville, Md Aspens Systems Corp. Quoted inG. A. Thibodeau and K. T. Patton, eds. , The hu- man soundbox in health and disease (St Louis, Mo. Mosby, 2002), 77. Enter the in-text citation manually. of 11 Journal Article (Ebell 2006) Patton, K. T. Neuralgia and headaches. Science 314 (December 2006) 2153-5. Ebell, M. H. 2006. Diagnosis of migraine headache. Ameri can Family doc 74 (Dec. ) 2087-8. Quoted in Patton 2006, 2153. Enter the in-text citation manually. World Wide tissue In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type? ) catalogue on WWW Its essential you learn how to reference (Dawson et al. 2002). Dawson, J. , L. Smith, K. Deubert and S. Grey-Smith. 2002. S Trek 6 Referencing, not plagiarism. http//studytrekk. lis. curtin. edu. au/ (accessed October 31, 2002). meshwork rogue Document on WWW No author ( petallike seadragons and weedy seadragons 2001) Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. 2001. http//www. windspeed. net. au/jenny/seadragons/(accessed July 14, 2001). Web Page Document on WWW No date (Royal Institute of British Architects n. d. ) Royal Institute of British Architects. n. d. Shaping the future Careers in architecture. http//www. careersinarchitecture. net/ (accessed May 31, 2005). Web Page(put n. d. in Year) Image on the web The image of the bleached coral (Coral bleaching and massbleac hing events 2002) Coral bleaching and mass bleaching events Image. 002. http//www. gbrmpa. gov. au/corp_site/ info_services/science/bleaching (accessed September 2, 2005). Web Page(type Image manually after the title of the image) 8 of 11 Government Publications In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type? ) Act of fan tan The Commonwealths Copyright Act 1968future references do not include date Legislation is included in a list of references only if it is heavy to an down the stairsstanding of the work. Setthe list apart from the main dead body of the reference under the subheading Legislation. Essential elements Short title Date (Jurisdiction) eg.Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth). If command is obtained from an electronic database, add a URL as forelectronic journal articles. Enter in-text citation manually. Cases The State of New southmost Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR54 profound authorities are included in a list of references only if they are important to anunderstanding of the work. Set the list apart from the main body of the reference under thesubheading Legal Authorities. Case(put 1915 in Year, The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth in Case Name, 20 in Reporter record book, CLR in Reporter Abbreviation, 54 in Page Cited). Australian sureness ofStatistics air (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999) Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageing and carers Summary of findings, Cat. no. 4430. 0. Canberra ABS. Report(put Cat. no. 4430. 0 in Accession Number, ABS in Institution). Australian Bureau ofStatistics from AusStats (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999) Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1999. Disability, ageing and carers Summary of findings, Cat. no. 4430. 0. Canberra ABS. http//www. abs. gov. au/Ausstats/ email&160protected nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/e4cb97884898ec4bca2569de00221c84OpenDocument (accessed November 20, 2002). Report Census Information (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001) Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Census ofpopulation and housing B01 selected characteristics (First release processing) postal area 6050. http//www8. abs. gov. au/ABSNavigation/ prenav/ViewData&038action=404&038documentproductno=POA6050&038documenttype =Details&038tabname=Details&038areacode=POA6050&038issue=2001&038 producttype=Community20Profiles&038&038producttype= Community20Profiles&038javascript= line up&038textversion=false&038navmapdisplayed=true&038breadcrumb=LPD&038Basic%20Community%20Profile (accessed November 20, 2002). Report of 11 Government Report (Resource Assessment missionary work 1991) Australia. Resource Assessment flush. 1991. Forest and timber inquiry Draft report. Volume 1. Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service. Report(put Australia. Resource Assessment Commission in Author, Forest and timber inquiry Draft report in Title, Volume 1 in Accession Number, Australian Government Publishing Service in Institution). Patent (Co okson 1985) Cookson, A. H. 1985. Particle trap for compressed bumble insulated transmission systems. US Patent4,554,399, filed Nov. 28, 1985, and issued Feb. 11, 1988. Patent(put Cookson, A.H. in Inventor, US inCountry, Patent 4,554,399 inPatent Number, Nov. 28 1985 in Date, Feb. 11 1988 in Issue Date). Standard (Standards Australia 1997) Standards Australia. 1997. Size coding proposal for infants and childrens clothing underwear andouterwear. AS 1182-1997. Standards Australia Online. http//www. saiglobal. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/online/autologin. asp (accessedJanuary 10, 2006). Report(put AS 1182-1997 in Accession Number Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote X (which reference type? ) Personalcommunication, e-mail and watchword lists with no web archive. It was confirmed that an outbreak occurred in London in 1999 (S. Savieri, pers. comm. ). Not included in the reference list. Enter in-text citation manually. UnpublishedInterviews (Campbell 2006, 2) Campbell, B. 2006. Interview by A. Bond. Tape recording. December 1. CurtinUniversity of Technology, Perth. Personal Communication(put Campbell, Billie in Author, Interview with Andrea Bond in Title, Tape recording in Description, December 1 in Date, Curtin University of Technology in Publisher, Perth in City). Films and videorecordings (Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992) Grumpy meets the orchestra. 992. DVD. Written and tell by G. Smithson. MelbourneAustralian Broadcasting Corporation. Film or Broadcast(put DVD in Format, Written and directed by George Smithson in Credits, Melbourne in Country, Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Distributor). 10 of 11 Television and radioprogrammes (What are we going to do with the money? 1997) What are we going to do with the money? 1997. television program. Sydney SBS Television, 8August. Film or Broadcast(put television program in Format, Sydney in Country, SBS Television in Distributor, 8 August in Date Released). Podcasts (The fly of a butterfly children, teenagers and anxiety2005) The wings of a butterfly children, teenagers and anxiety. 2005. podcast radio program. SydneyABC Radio National, 10 September. http// www. abc. net. au/podcast/default. htmmind (accessed September 16,2005). Film or Broadcast(put podcast radio program in Format, Sydney in Country, ABC Radio National in Distributor, 10 September in Date Released, September 16, 2005 in Access Date). CD-ROMS (Kingsley 1998) Kingsley, S. 1998. Dr Brain opinion games. Torrance, California Knowledge Adventure Inc.CD-ROM. Computer Program(put Kingsley, S. in Programmer, Torrance, California in City, Knowledge Adventure Inc. in Publisher, CD-ROM in Type). ERIC document (microfiche) Davis and Lombardi (1996)put away the proposal that Davis, R. K. &038 T. P. Lombardi. 1996. The quality of life of rural high school surplus education graduates. In sylvan goals 2000 Building programs that work. microfiche. ERIC Document No. 394765. Generic(put Rur al goals 2000 Building programs that work in Secondary Title, microfiche in Type of Work, ERIC Document No. 94765 in Publisher). E-mail discussion list web archive According to John Littles post on the ECPOLICY discussion list onApril 16, 2002 (http// www. askeric. org/Virtual_Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003. html), it was determined that Provide all the details in the in-text citation no need for an entry in the reference list. Enter the in-text citation manually. It is very important that you check your departments or schools assignment guide as some details e. g. punctuation, may vary from guidelines on this

Introductions to Interviews and Interrogations: False Confessions

In 1988, Ted sporting was clubbed in the head and face at his mattress business between 1245 and 155 p. m. White died of his injuries three days later and was never able to tell the law officers of the incident. There were no witnesses found and the police never discovered whatsoever fingerprints or DNA to help identify the actual perpetrator. Regardless, police to begin with suspected Matt Mason of the murder but were unable to call for a case against him. Mason and Tinney were acquaintances. Glenn Tinney original pled guilty to the murder of ted snowy in 1992.There was test that was presented at court that got Tinney sentence exonerated. The evidence they had to get his sentence exonerated was the fact that none of the confessions matched the facts of the crime and an Ohio justice reversed Tinneys conviction. The prosecutor investigator was told Glenn Tinney may know something well-nigh Masons participation in ted whites murder, Tinney tell that him and mason killed Ted whi te together but then a yoke of days later he said he did the crimes alone. The police similarly uncovered that Glenn Tinney gave other statements that was non consistent with each other or with the facts of the crime.The court concluded that upon close comparison of Tinneys confessions, he confessed to killing a man he could not identify, for conflicting motives which dont match the facts, at the unconventional time of day, with a weapon that does not match the victims injuries, by striking him in the wrong part of the head, and stealing items the victim either still possessed after the attach or probably never possessed. Because of these reasons, the court said it would be manifestly unjust to deny withdraw of the guilty plea because the confessions did not provide any support for the murder conviction (McGinn, 2013 ).ReferencesMcGinn, A. (2013 , Feb 6). Ohio IP Exonerates Glenn Tinney in False Confession Case. Retrieved from californiainnocenceproject.org http//californiainn ocenceproject.org/blog/2013/02/06/ohio-ip-exonerates-glenn-tinney-in-false-confession-case/

Knight in Medieval Times

A horse in medieval times is normally recognized as an fit out combatant at the service of the lord or king. entitle was considered a symbol of heroism and an epitome of bravery in the medieval times. He was regarded as the most skilled person in the art of struggle who worked to a lower place the lord and was subjected to his orders and instructions in each mathematical function of life. His blank time activities were also chivalrous in nature and he remained tangled in chivalrous games like duels. He used to possess top hat Arabian breed of horses that had no match in Europe.The close draw of the buck and his horse is clearly shown by the titles by which we was known end-to-end Europe in France he was a Chevalier, in Italy a Cavalier, in Spain a Caballero, and in Ger numerous a Ritter, from the word meaning to ride. Even the give for the code by which the knight was later bound, Chivalry, derives from the French Cheval. (The Origins of The Knight) Knight was the pr oduction of a practical necessity of keeping men of valor and fortissimo to keep the territories and states safe against internal and external threats.That armed knights later became a part of nobility due to the growth and extension of military source and their importance in the affairs of the states. Over a period of basketball team hundreds years, in addition to knights military duties and obligations, their socio-political importance led to three another(prenominal) important changes regarding their status in the socio-cultural set-up. This was the steady advancement of knights as a fortunate and advantaged, inherited group.Secondly, a code of chivalry developed by nature that customized and legitimized their code of conducts and elaborated and elevated them to an exclusive social position as a martial privileged class that developed itself into an nobility. The Knights was bound by socio-cultural convention to follow a code of chivalry. This chivalrous was a counter-effect ive to materialization of his violent nature during battles and wars. Code of chivalry used to be no document system of conduct but it was customary set of rules establish on morality and cultural compulsions.Chivalric qualities of an ideal knight during the middle ages under this code are best described in Song of Roland. It reflects that a Knight should be God fearing who could serve his lord in every thick and thin. He must defend the feeble and frail and must abstain himself from giving unnecessary offense to others. He must not fight for his own financial or social gains but for the well-being of all.Song of Roland says in this regard A knight should obtain such valour,/ Who bears weapons system and sits astride a good horse./ In battle he should be strong and fierce,/ Or else he is not worth four pence. / He ought rather to be a monk in mavin of those monasteries/ And tap all day long for our sins (Song of Roland, laisse 141)Duke of Burgundy recognizes virtually impor tant characteristics and personality traits of a chivalrous knight. The words he chose to use to describe the virtues that should be exhibited in the Knights Code of Chivalry were as follows Faith, Charity, Justice, Sagacity, Prudence, Temperance, Resolution, Truth, Liberality, Diligence, Hope, Valour.(The midst Ages Website) So these characteristics of knight were manifestations societal expectations just about the code of conduct of knight. Beside all these chivalrous qualities, he was expected to be brave and skillful enough to shows his valor and capacity at the battlefield. Another manifestation of chivalrous characteristics was brotherhood at munition. Among the gentler features of chivalry may be reckoned the beautiful institution of brotherhood in arms, by which two knights vowed faith to each other.The brothers in arms wore the same arms and clothes, mingled their blood in one vessel, and received the Sacrament together. They engaged to fend each other in battle and in all quarrels, and to have the same friends and enemies. (Knights in Middle Ages) This not only unified the knights of one state but their vows to each other used to augment their authorisation and confidence. Courtly hunch over was another important development that was directly associated with knight and knighthood. It was one of the most celebrated activities of Knights that is sentimentalistized to a great extent by the medieval literature.Courtly be intimate was eulogized and was considered a noble hotness. This form of romantic passion is depicted differently by Chaucer. In his era, the medieval era, relationship amid lady and a knight took the form of statuesque love and was designate as a noble passion coupled with chivalry and gallantry. In renaissance, love was also considered an ennobling phenomenon but we see concept of romantic and exalted love that has nothing to do with knightly and chivalrous qualities. Chaucer writes about one of the most important activit ies for a Knight wasTo love my lady, whom I love and serve/ d evere shal, til that myn herte sterve. (The Knights Tale) Courtly love is not depicted an immodest and lustful phenomenon by Chaucer but it is praised occasionally. Chaucer pull ahead shows certain other fine qualities of the contemporary culture pertaining to courtly love. For example, in Knights Tale male lover were never usurpers. hobby the tradition of courtly love, both knights, Palamon and Arcite disclosed their love for the lady and communicate her hand.Both are broken al day for love in ech degree. (The Knights Tale)This clearly manifests that culture and value of time pertaining to courtly love strongly prohibited forced love. Furthermore, it shows the individual integrity and honesty at bottom the community. It was knights integrity and honesty that did not let them to deceive their lady-love and adopt a proper way to court the lady. This indirectly depicts the rationality level of the nation in general an d nobility in particular.Loyalty and equality were other ingredients of the courtly love that portrays the values and traditions of the society as a whole. Although Middle Ages literature highly romanticize the characteristics of a knight and elevated their characters but many knights were unable to live upto these standards. Chaucer depicts in Canterbury Tales (Wife of Baths) the story of knight who ravaged a lady. This was highly against chivalrous code. As Chaucers tales are considered as the mirror image of his contemporary era, so this story was a materialisation of the prevailing socio-cultural situations.In another medieval story, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, we also find some knights who are coward and are not as good as knight Gawain. So it is obvious that not all knights were chivalrous. Above-mentioned arguments and supported distinguish clearly manifest that medieval knight were well-mannered, gracious and towering personalities. Their lunacy in courtly love was not a lustful affair but it was a based on mutual attraction and hold was purely a refined and passionate activity that was accepted and sanction by social norms.Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. New York Penguin Classics. 1996.Goldin, Frederick. The Song of Roland. New York Norton, 1978.Gravett, Christopher. The World of the gallant Knight. Peter Bedrick Books. New York. 1996.Medieval Spell. Knights in Middle Ages. 12 November 2008 <http//www. medieval-spell. com/Knights-In-Middle-Ages. html>.The Middle Ages Website. Knights Code of Chivalry. 12 November 2008 <http//www. middle-ages. org. uk/knights-code-of-chivalry. htm>.The Origins of The Knight. 12 November 2008 <http//members. tripod. com/hkcarms/knights. html>.

Independent Trust: Assurance in Modern Development Essay

In these economically unstable times with deep collapses and shifts inside the orbicular line of work community, it is essential for a comp any to provide stable, reliable utility to its clients in bilateral partnerships of trust. The nature of an independent trust confederacy is adept of total solidarity with its person clients, resisting the temptation of common prevalent lapses of ethics within the business community.With firm and friendly partnerships in place, our company moves into the continually maturation economic environment with assurance in the fact that new clients, piazzas, and communities quarter be head help oneselfd by our team of professional experts who continually financial backing watch on the life generating business readings across the globe.The confidence and positive(p) outlook of our mental faculty lends swell up to the retaining and expanding of our client base, and in a stipulation of mutually beneficial investments and grocery store ga uges, our company consistently hits the mark in providing the highest take of intelligent excellence to each individual with whom we come into contact, our round members and all the clients we treat. The environment where our company is based, with locations in Jersey and geneva, lends to a beautifully positioned placement within Europe.The liberated nature of the core societies in which we feat shores up the ability of our company to make wise and independent decisions fleck are uniquely tailored to the ask of our global clients. Individuals from the United Kingdom, cold East, Middle East, and Eastern Europe are well served by the strategic location of our offices, both in terms of the unique legal structures of Geneva and Jersey as well as the convenience of their global situation and welcoming infrastructure.Our staff members are able to travel easily betwixt our offices and to make trips across the world in bless to best serve our clients. People are never out of sig ht, out of mind, quite our full devotion and energy is invested in our staff members and clients, with meetings, trips, and travel being the means in which we are able to make assured decisions in the mutually beneficial agreements with clients and businesses.In looking to the structure of our company, it is important to bank line that we have a very(prenominal) high level of qualified staff members, employing six chartered accountants and numerous ICSA and STEP qualified personnel. The top managers are very easily approachable and support the company surviveers with proactive and self-assured attitudes, aiming to keep the company driven in steady and positive directions.Benefits are arranged in a flat organizational structure, with all employees enjoying the limited perks of retirement and health investments, the choice to live and work in every of our two lovely office environments in Jersey or Geneva, having to the picking to change jobs and immerse oneself in a new and e xciting cultural environment, and to relax during business meeting and trips as well as individual(prenominal) leisure time, including dinner and drinks, and stimulating excursions to Sark, France, or the mountains of Switzerland.Everyone knows how important it is to enjoy the work environment, and encouraging the happiness of our employees and clients in essential to doing good business. While our staff and clients are nurtured by the care of our company, the level of expertise and the commitment to execution is what drives our constant impulse to provide the highest level of service to our business partners. A company unceasingly has to sustain performance in the present as well as keep an eye on the attainable goals for the future.With our fresh purchase of a nonher company which was heavily involved with charities in Africa, working with AIDS, children, and animal sanctuaries, we have now opened up to our Southern market and are strategically placed to conduct careful busi ness in this growing economy which is ripe with potential. Catering to the unique needs of our clients and partnerships always involves a sense of ethics and wanting to provide not disfranchisedly business services, but excessively to provide a heartfelt level of care to the people we engage.More and more, it is understood that morality in the business and investment communities, in the modern day market, is vital to the health and sustainability of individual people, businesses, communities, and nations. Without a unfeigned and faithful grasp of the essential elements of conducting good business, a company with be sure to falter or collapse, a situation which has never been experienced by our company, even within these economically thought-provoking times.With eyes on our current clients and partnerships, care being given to maintaining and developing relationships, and strategic plans being crafted for the implementation of our future in opening market possibilities, our com pany enjoys the satisfaction of knowing that we are catering to the real needs of our worldwide friends and stepping in to provide the real needs to the market demands. In adding to the idea of morality in business, it is important to highlight what we avoid, in order to also provide a clear image of the business we do conduct.There is never a time when it is alright for us to rationalize or set aside a potential working relationship. In connecting with our clients, we dont ever assume that we are in a particular power position or exude any motley of elitist arrogance. The over confidence and greed which is the demise of many businesses is consistently rejected by our staff team, and we never accepted outside commissions. The level of splendour of each individual member of our company is horizontal.Although one person may have a more complicated task to perform at any given time, there is never a time when any person in our company believes that the other person is not abruptly and vitally essential to our well selected team. To us, each staff member, client, and business is a partner, each person and organization equally essential to the web of relationships in which we weave and network. By placing trust and positive regard in our well selected partners, we pulse energy into the ties which bind us and generate life not only in social or emotional terms, but also in business and economic terms.It would be a great love and pleasure for our company to receive the award of Independent Trust alliance of the Year. By taking note of our strength and resilience through very difficult economic times, the powerful friendliness of our company team, the devotion with which we serve our global partners, and the high level of ethics with which we infuse our company, we hope that you entrust see the value in naming us for this prestigious gift.The hard work and determination of our solid and caring team members would be zip more than expanded and rejuvenated by th e dedication of this award to our stable and well positioned independent trust company. In aiming high, resisting immoral business temptations, catering to the true needs of our staff members and clients, making informed business decisions, working for the sustainability and development of our company, and nurturing our personal and professional relationships, we are sure that the quality and performance of our company is justifiably notable and well deserving of nothing less than the highest remark and best regard.

Relationships in Pride and Prejudice

capital of Texas writes ab forbidden four wholeiances and shows the remnants between their tackations some eave just foundations and otherwises atomic number 18 doomed to crumble and produce unhappy lives. These four kinships between Jane and Bentley, Lydia and Hick piece of music, Charlotte and Mr.. collins, and Elizabeth and D ard ar different, entirely taken together provide a general lead to any kind. beginning(a) impressions argon a actually important part of the relationship and git influence, for in bournit or worse, the rest of the relationship. initiative impressions derriere be affected by valet de chambrey things including prec onceived prejudices, appearances, and hearty status. capital of Texas be impositionves t get into transferset printing impressions are very(prenominal) important. This is follow out(p)n by Diana Francis, power of An Over go out of superbia and Prejudice, who rates, capital of Texas began Pride and Prejudice in 1 796 un der the style First Impressions. Her family found the novel entertaining and continued to reread it for at least two years. She again began revision work on First Impressions, though she was forced to retile it as the name had already been dropd by a nonher novelist. capital of Texas at last published it in 1813 under the title Pride and Prejudice. She came back to this concept such(prenominal) later, it sympathisems, because she thought that this restrain could be a very influential book and piece of musicdatory to be written. This book is important because it shows the difference between level-headed and bad foundations. It does this with break directly axiom what to do and what non to do deal in the conduct books. In put to examine the foundation of the four key relationships, capital of Texas moldiness begin with from each oneness agrees first impressions.The causation first shows the characters of Jane Bennett and Charles Bentley whose first impressions are bas e on an attractive feature to character. While they are both physically attracted to each other, they in addition see that the other one has a faultless character. Ms. Jane Bennett is the eldest and most beautiful aught of a middle class family. She a the like has a sweet disposition, is fairly healthful educated, and is non fruity and mindless alike(p) some of her other sisters. Charles Bentley is a wealthy piece who has full moved into the neighborhood.He is a good-looking universe, he is very word form and well-bred, and well rounded. Bernard J. genus Paris, a professor at Michigan State University, describes their relationship The Jane-Bentley relationship may be such(prenominal) passionately intense, entirely it is corresponded as a happy throw. Fortunately for themselves, Jane and Bentley are what they appear to be (100). Paris believes that it is an accident that Bentley moved to Interfiled, near to Jane, it is an accident that they were both attracted to o ne a nonhers looks, and it is an accident that they were attracted to one a nonhers individualalities. plain though they do consume a sweet get by story, this could assume happened to anyone in reality, and this is why Paris says their relationship is an accident. That is why they are non the main relationship of the book, because they are just average. Bentleys affection for Jane is shown when he goes out of his way to dance with her more than he dances with the other girls. He horizontal describes her as the most beautiful return have of all time beheld (Austin 18). The proof referee apprise see that Jane likes Bentley just as much when the Bennett return groundwork from the Emerson Assembly and the girls talk roughly how much they en cheered themselves.Jane says virtually Bentley, He is just what a tender man ought to be, sensible, good humored, lively and I never saw such happy manners So much ease, with such perfect good breeding (Austin 24). Bentley and Jane s eem to have a good, destitute relationship. The two show all the signs that they are departing to get to have a go at it each other on a deeper level and build a foundation so that their relationship leave behind grow and flourish. The next couple that Austin discusses is Lydia Bennett and George Hickman, who are both very shal low gear. Their first impressions are found on physical attraction.Neither of them at enamors to know one a nonher deeper, which presents a puzzle and foreshadows the complications in their relationship. Lydia is one of the youngest Bennett daughters, almost the age of fifteen, who is enthralled with any man in a uniform. She goes into town whenever she hears word of officers coming. She is one of the silliest Bennett girls, and this leads to her irresponsibility. She is a young girl fascinated by the uniforms of he militia regiwork forcet and flattered by the attention and attractiveness Of Hickman, and she is easy prey for the disreputable young sol dier (Attachment 12).Paris nones most her upbringing, Mr.. Bennett has strength when he chooses to use it, but in general he has tatterdemalion his paternal responsibility. His daughters are allowed to be idle and frivolous if they wish. Little causal agency is made either to form their characters or correct their manners (101 The reader can infer that if the Bennett daughters, especially Lydia, had been raised better, Lydia would have made better choices in choosing a make do interest. If Lydia had been raised to not be so wacky and careless, she could have made better life choices.Lydia problems stem from the insufficiency of good role models she had in her life. Her mother, whom she takes later on, is also a very silly and frivolous woman, and her father does cipher to control his wife or his other daughters Lieutenant Hickman is a lieutenant in the army, who is stationed at Emerson and is good-looking. This makes him irresistible to Lydia, but she in truth knows noth ing about his character or background. Austin uses Lydia trance with soldiers to comment on how women in her era were often impressed by en in uniform.Daniel Pool, writer of What Jane Austin Ate and Charles Dickens Knew, states, It is gum olibanum almost invariably the cavalry who really set feminine pulses step on it in the nineteenth- light speed English fiction (1 11). Hickman prides himself as being a untrustworthy and distrustful person from a very young age. He uses his words, charm, and good looks to try to make wealthy girls fall in sack out with him so he can use their currency to pay off his immeasurable debts.He, at first, started to talk to Elizabeth but stopped pursuing her when he found a girl with more silver whom he could try to flirt. When that fails, Hickman then tries and succeeds in misleading Lydia. He lies to Elizabeth about his straightforward character. He also lies about his relationship with Dared and the time he tried to elope with Dairys sister , Georgian, for her money. The lie that Hickman told builds up the prejudice that Elizabeth has toward Dared in the first place. In turn, this starts the relationship of Elizabeth and Dared off badly.Lydia immaturity and Hacksaws dishonorable character suggest that this relationship is not a good one and leave not prosper. Charlotte Lacunas and Mr.. Collisions first impressions are ground on social debility and security. They are both looking for social and monetary comfort and stability in married life. They influence that in each other. It is not a conjugation that Austin promotes because it is not base on love. Charlotte Lucas lives near the Bennett and is a close friend of Elizabeth.Her family, like the Bennett, is not extremely wealthy and is in occurrence a little poorer than the Bennett. Charlotte is not very well educated, does not have a lot of money, and is not the prettiest girl. She realizes this and forms her view of unification accordingly. She knows her circumst ance and has set her standards for arraign very low so that they can be met or maybe exceeded easily. She had often talked to Elizabeth of her married couple expectations, stating, Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of expectation .. It is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life (Austin 40). Charlotte did not really expect love in marriage she just destinyed to be married because she needed the security it offered. She was nearing the age when she would be too old to be considered an eligible lady. Mr.. Collins is the distant and eccentric cousin of the Bennett who cums to sit and applyfully to arrive a wife. He is the clergyman of a parish on the estate of skirt Catherine De Burgh, and it is assumed he is not the first son in his family.Debra Attachment, the misdeed President for Academic Affairs at New Mexico State University, tells us that the first son of the family would receive most of the inheritanc e, and If he were a jr. son, his family influence and financial support would generally provide him with either a lesser estate or with training for a profession (generally the church, the law, or the military) together with money or influence enough to obtain a professional position once his training was complete (4). He is draw by Mrs.. Bennett as an odious man, and he annoys the whole family except for Mr..Bennett who finds joy in jocularitying at his overcompensation of everything. Since the Bennett did not produce a potent heir, Mr.. Collins go out receive their estate when Mr.. Bennett passes because of a strict elimination on Longhorn. Because of this, the Bennett daughters volition not inherit the estate which makes Mrs.. Bennett very upset. The reader can first see the flaws in Mr.. Collins when he rises to Longhorn. He picks out a wife in Jane, but when he finds out she already is poke for, he quickly veers to Elizabeth. Austin explains, Mr..Collins had moreover( prenominal) to change from Jane to Elizabeth -? and it was soon done done while Mrs.. Bennett was stirring the fire. Elizabeth, bear up and next to Jane in birth and beauty, succeeded her of course (Austin 132). We see that he does not really want to find love in anyone He just wants to profit a wife to look acceptable to smart set while fix to benefit from the entailment that testament leave the Bennett daughters without a home. Since Elizabeth refuses his proposal, he moves on and finds Charlotte Lucas who is also looking for a convenient arraign.The idea of a hard-nosed marriage seems harsh to fellowship now, but in the Regency time hitch this was accepted. People did not usually adopt for love instead, they married for money. union in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England was as much (sometimes more) a matter of shoes as of love or companionship (Attachment 38). Austin does not like this kind of marriage. She lifts up relationships found on love throughou t her novels. This relationship does not seem like it will prosper because of the fact that the batch know nothing about each other and have nothing in cornrow.The first impressions between Elizabeth Bennett and Fatalism Dared are obstructed by their pride and prejudice, so it blocks their attraction at first. They are both very uplifted muckle, and it initially hurts their relationship. Elizabeth Bennett the second oldest Bennett daughter, is strong-willed and very vocal in what she believes. She is also very beautiful and the favorite daughter of Mr.. Bennett because she is the most like him. She is a very prideful person, and she get outs prejudices against people without knowing them fully. Fatalism Dared, the good friend of Mr..Charles Bentley, is a very misunderstood character. He is a handsome and wealthy man. He comes off as a very cold and arrogant man to people who do not know him. Dared explains his behavior Unfortunately an solely son, (for many years an further chi ld) I was spoilt by my parents, who though good themselves, (my father particularly, all that was benevolent and amiable,) allowed, encouraged, almost taught me to be egoistical and overbearing, to care for none beyond my own family circle, to think meanly of all the rest of the world, to wish at least to think meanly Of their sand and worth compared with my own. Austin 672) He was raised to be cold to the outside, but on the inside he is a kind ND humane person Elizabeth realizes this when he talks to the people closest to him. It takes Elizabeth months to realize his true character, and she regrets her first impressions very much. Dared comes from a very rich family that belongs to the highest class. Because of this, he seems justified in the gild for thinking of himself as higher than other people at times. When Dared arrives at the Emerson Assembly, he beliefs superior to the other people in that location and, because of this, only dances with Bentleys sisters, whom he con siders to be his equal.When Dared is questioned about Elizabeth by Bentley, he distantly says, She is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me and I am in no humor at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men (Austin 18). Elizabeth, inadvertently, hears this and, because of this comment, begins to dislike him. She also believes things about Dared that she has been told by Hickman which makes her like Dared less. In set for their relationship to work, they will have to put aside their pride and prejudices and contract on getting to know one another, which they will continue to do throughout the next months.Paris believes hat their relationship will work because it is found upon a real understanding of themselves and each Other and upon a straight-laced combination of values (100). This gives hope since Paris believes that they will prosper, horizontal though they will have to go through trials. First impressions not only lay a foundation, bu t they provide insight into what the reader can expect. This foundation that is built helps the couple when they encounter misunderstandings of many kinds. Misunderstandings test the foundations of each relationship.Misunderstandings are one of the most important things in the development of a relationship. Austin takes these same four relationships through initial misunderstandings in order to continue to build their foundations. From these misunderstandings, each relationship is tested and tried to see if it will last. One sees the importance of a good foundation, which is established in first impressions, and continued on as the relationship progresses. Jane and Bentley, although they seem like a perfect couple, still have their troubles.Their misunderstandings are filled with heart-break and communicating issues. When they had both developed touch modalitys for each other, Bentleys friends start to try to influence him, to maintain himself from Jane because they are not social ly equal. Bentleys sister, Caro stress, does not like Canes family because they are not from the upper class, and they are not well mannered. Another one of Bentleys friend, Mr.. Dared, explains that he tried to break up their relationship because he did not feel that Jane liked Bentley as much as he liked her.Dared did not want his friend to get hurt. He was also fearful of the fact attachment was trying to marry Bentley so she could have his money. Dared later realizes that this is not the case and that her feelings for Bentley are true and honorable. Caroline Bentley sends a misleading letter to Jane telling her that Bentley and his friends will be returning to London for the winter. She implies that Bentley will woo Darers sister, Georgian, which crushes Jane. Caroline also insinuates in this letter that Jane should suppress her feelings for Bentley. She is described by David M.Sheppard, author of The Annotated Pride and Prejudice, as unable to think badly of anyone, and this ca n be to her disadvantage. In this case, Canes refusal to see the bad in people hurts her because she believes the crush in Caroline Bentley, even when Elizabeth tries to warn her. Paris says, Jane is insecure about her own worth and acceptability and needs to approve of everyone lest they disapprove of her . If she likes others, they will like her. To maintain her picture of the world, she denies, rationalizes, and distorts (1 1 1). Dared is seen to be looking out for his friends best interests.Caroline Benignly on the other hand, seems to only be revengeful and jealous when she tries to separate Bentley and Jane because she does not like the Bennett family. Dared tells Bentley about his concern about Canes true feelings for him. Bentley listens to these concerns, but in the end he knows that Jane does love IM. Because Of this, he fights to make this relationship work against the wishes of his best friend. Bentley is very cautious to invariably listen to Dairys advice and sometim es a little too much. Paris says, Bangles brain trait is his readiness to be led by others.It gives him Bentley a feeling of security to have his actions directed by Dared (1 1 1-112). In this case, Bentley is very reliant on his friend, but as a grown man he needs to be able to make his own last and not care about what others think. This is especially true when it comes to the woman he will spend the rest of his life with. He finally realizes his after he leaves Nether-field and breaks Canes heart. He then goes against the wishes of his sister and has to prove to Dared that he and Jane really do love each other. When Bentley comes to this conclusion, Jane has to choose to forgive him.Even though Bentley stony-broke her heart when he left Interfiled, Jane still forgives him because she feels that their love is true and will last Their misunderstanding tests the foundation of their relationship and makes it stronger. Lydia and Hacksaws misunderstandings relate directly to their pe rsonalities because they are both characterized by lies and immaturity. Hickman convinces Lydia to run away with him, and Lydia goes along with it because she thinks that Hickman is going to marry her. further in fact, he has no plan to do so. Their elopement alone(predicate) was a huge disgrace.This is seen when Mr.. Bennett says, For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbors and laugh at them in our turn? (Austin 662). He is using sarcasm to say that this is a dishonor to their family and hurts their family status. Everyone knows that Hickman did not plan to marry her, and that was one of the biggest disgraces. Austin reveals the severity of their situation it would have en more for the advantage of conversation, had look across Lydia Bennett come upon the town (Austin 560). To be upon the town means to become a prostitute, so this is a very harsh comment (Sheppard 561).They are finally discovered, and Hickman is paid by Dared to marry Lydia. This shows Darers good character to Elizabeth and removes some of the prejudices she has against him. The marriage helps the Bennett family tremendously because it would have ruined their family reputation if Hickman had just left Lydia after they had run off together. This is seen when even Attachment explains why Dairys actions are so accommodating . NY scandal committed by one member of a family implicated all and could literally destroy the chances of the unmarried women in the family to find respectable mates.Thus, Lydia Bennett running off with Mr.. Hickman presents a danger not only to her own reputation and her own future but to those of her sisters as well (3). This marriage is a very sad one because there is only physical attraction. There is a weak foundation in their relationship, so it can be guessed that they will both lead miserable lives together. Austin points out that Hacksaws affection for Lydia, was just what Elizabeth had expected to find it total equal to Lydia for him (Austin 5 74). This suggests that they will not have a good relationship because Lydia likes Hickman more than he likes her.They will have to work very hard in order to make this relationship work. This is not seen as a good relationship in the eyes of Jane Austin. Charlotte Lacunas and Mr.. Collisions misunderstandings stem from the shallow foundation that they have. Their relationship is based on security and comfort in life, so they do not have any physical or character attraction to each other. Their married life is strained, and this is seen from the very ginning, when Collins proposes and asks about the visualize of their wedding.Austin notes, Miss Lucas, who accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment, cared not how soon that establishment were gained (Austin 228). Sheppard explains, There is mockery in this use of the term disinterested since it often connotes lack of concern with ones monetary interest, and Charlotte desire here centers around her own material benefit (229). Charlotte situation is sad and ironic. She realizes this herself but knows there is nothing she can do about it since it stems from a lack of money, beauty, and youth.The irony in their relationship is that even though Charlotte wants a comfortable life, she cannot have that with Mr.. Collins because he is so hard to tolerate. She spends most of her time avoiding him. Sheppard says, Charlotte clear appreciates this reality she also knows that, given her age and lack of either bunch or good looks, Mr.. Collins may be her last chance. With him, she will enjoy a comfortable income and home, the power of managing a household, and a much higher social position than she would have as a oneness woman. 231) Mr.. Collins only mission in life is to please his patron, doll Catherine De Burgh- Lady Catherine had suggested to him that he should find a good wife, and because he would eventually inherit the Bennett estate, he thought it a good idea to marry one of Mr.. Bonnets daughters. After Elizabeth rejected him, he turned to Charlotte, who was willing to marry him because she also just wanted to be married in order to be comfortable. Charlotte would be comfortable because he made a decent fare of money, and Mr..Collins would be comfortable because he would please Lady Catherine. They would both be settled in hostel even though their comfort would come at a price. Their happiness is squandered. However, they both have their hobbies that keep them occupied. When Mr.. Collins was not doing clergy duties, Charlotte encouraged him to work in the garden as much as possible, and Charlotte stayed inside taking care of the household. This marriage is a very dull marriage, and it is not seen as a marriage that Austin likes because there is no love.Elizabeth and Darers relationship begins with many troublesome misunderstandings that in the end do them into the best couple. Stuart M. Tape, author of Elizabethan and Dairys Mutual Mortification and Renewal, says, from each one has changed because each has worked a change on the other. The happiness is deserved by a process of mortification begun early and ended late (69). Even though they do have trials they turn themselves, individually, into better people, and their relationship is strengthened as well. This is where the theme of Pride and Prejudice mainly comes in.Attachment characterizes their misunderstandings Obstacles to their marrying include differences in wealth and social position, the behavior of members of their respective families, and their own proud and disfavor views of themselves and each other . (2). The fact that Elizabeth prejudges people, in this case, hurts her because her presumptions about Dared are wrong, even though they are understandable at the time. John Lubber, the author of Jane Austin states, Elizabeth is eventually proven very wrong in her hasty sound judgement of him, but there is considerable justification for her error. (46). The presu mptions Elizabeth has are understandable. Because of Dairys upbringing he comes off as cold and distant. Elizabeth also assumes that Hickman is a noble man and believes the lies he tells about Dared, which leads her to make more rash judgments against Dared. Dared, at first, does tot like Elizabeth, but after a couple of encounters with her, he begins to develop feelings toward her. Although he has these feelings he sees the connection as unsuitable to the dignity of his family (Paris 104).Because of their difference in class, he feels that it would not be a good couplet from societys standpoint. Dared puts these feelings off for as long as he can to begin with giving in. Paris says, He is so much in love, however, that he decides to make a social sacrifice for the sake of personal propitiation (105). However, Elizabeth is offended when Dared proposes to her because the proposal is given in a way hat is not flattering to her. He then writes her a letter addressing her prejudices toward him. Alistair M.Ductwork, author of Social Moderation and the Middle Way, says, There, in his letter to her pursuit her rejection of his proposal, Elizabeth begins to see Dairys character in a different light and to certify how badly she misjudged him from a too easy acceptance of Hacksaws partial view and a too hasty response to externals -every charm of air and address. (46). Elizabeth has not found out his true character yet. After being rejected by Elizabeth, Dared writes and delivers a letter explaining the accusations she has about him.When she reads this letter, she begins to take back her prejudices because she begins to see his true character. At this point their relationship starts to turn for the better, and there is hope because their foundation is beginning to mend itself. Their misunderstanding is the most profound, but their balancing matches it. Society greatly influences the relationships in Pride and Prejudice. In the Regency time period, marriage was a central topic. In each of the four relationships, Austin reveals how society reacts by showing the response of the people around the relationships.When this is shown, one can see the conflict between the couples and the Regency society. But, where there is no disagreement with society, Austin shows how her view of marriage differs from the accepted view. Society in the nineteenth century is described by Attachment This society was highly stratified aristocrats tended to interact with other aristocrats the gentry (generally considered to be upper middle class by todays standards) socialized with other gentry transported socialized with transported, the running(a) poor with the working poor, and the poverty-stricken with other nonworking poor He class system in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century, though the rigid in theory, in the fact had considerable room for mobility (3). The ability to change classes is very helpful for a person and their descendants because the y will not be forever and a day confined to one class. This is helpful for the Bennett daughters because they can easily move up in life by marring men with more money. Students works are characterized by her satirical language.This can be seen in the first line of the book It is a truth universally acknowledged that a angiotensin-converting enzyme man in possession of a good fortune mustiness be in want of a wife (2). Dorothy Van Ghent, the author of On Pride and Prejudice, states, This is the first sentence of the book. What we read in it is its oppositeness a single woman must be in want of a man with a good fortune and at once we are inducted into the Austin language and the energy -? . That arises from the compression between a barbaric subsurface marital warfare and a surface of polite manners and civilized conventions. 20 21) It can be seen that, in the society that the Bennett daughters were raised in, they were aware of their family financial mishaps. Because of thi s, the idea that they would have to array into money in order to be happy in life was pounded into their heads by their mother. Mrs.. Bennett is reflecting society by believing that the happiness of her daughters could only come from their marrying into money. But Austin proposes that money, in a relationship, is not necessary, but that love must be present for happiness.Canes and Bentleys relationship agrees with Students view of marriage because their relationship is based on true love and attraction, even though they are from different classes of society. However, it is not in direct disagreement with society. Their relationship is more breezy in the eyes f society because they married for true love and attraction. Society, at this time, feels that love is good but marriage should be based on status and comfort in life. They believe that if a person finds these things in a spouse and happen to be attracted to this person that it is twist luck.The reason that society really like s this relationship is because Jane is moving up in classes and marrying into money. Even though Bentley is marrying someone who does not have much money, it does not affect Bentley like it does Jane because she is solely dependent on Bentley. We see that society likes this relationship through the character of Canes other. Before Jane and Bentley have announced their feelings, she brags to everyone about how they are going to get married and how much money Bentley brings in a year. We also see Mr..Bonnets reaction to their relationship, as it is in demarcation to his wifes. He is glad attachment has found love in Bentley and that she will be taken care of but says, l have not a doubt of your doing very well together. Your tempers are by no means unlike. You are each of you so complying that nothing will ever be resolved on so easy, that every servant will cheat you and so generous, that you will always exceed your income (Austin 632). This means that they will continually be taken advantage of, which is seen to be true when Lydia and Hickman come to stay with them.One can assure that Lydia and Hickman will overstay their welcome and use them not only because of their bad character but because Jane and Bentley are willing and always seek the approval of others. Lydia and Hacksaws relationship does not agree with society or Austin. Austin views this relationship as selfish and superficial. They think only of themselves when they run off and disgrace the Bennett family. Society definitely does not like the idea of Lydia and Hickman just running off cause society wants them to be married.It is good that Lydia and Hickman get married, but, at the same time, it is not. They have no money except for the bride money that Hickman received from Dared and the little money he makes a year from the military. Because they do not have much money, they will have to be very cautious with their money, which does not seem likely with these two.