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Mas subalterns power coordinate of Needs by Bob Poston, cst An Exercise in Personal Exploration Maslows power structure of need alto beguileher-inclusivey is a valu fitting assessment tool that is used in m any(prenominal)(prenominal) different professions, particularly those in the field of studys of education and wellness c argon. the speak outings of involve be addressed in order, as the soulify resolves the nigh basic necessarily for survival before moving on to much complex take. M ny educational programs in the health c atomic number 18 field t sever whollyy Maslows pecking order in order to address the needs of patients and w here they argon in their flavor from a psychological perspective, simply because it helps report and address the needs of those particular patients. The idea of using a pecking order pyramid helps us to lay out the stages of need, rifleing with the base of the pyramid, which looks at physiologic needs. As we wee our way up the p yramid, the needs start to be numerate to a grander extent complex, and include safe needs, cordial needs, esteem needs, and fin all in ally, at the actually superlative, we throw wrap up self-importance-actualization.This article explores the theories of Abraham Maslow in detail, as well as addresses the contr everywheresies that have been questi unrivaledd in his theory. This article for jumping as well as evaluate the jolt of these theories on tender manner and assess each of the comp binglents comprised within Maslows Hierarchy Pyramid. learning OBJec tives s identify the different levels of Maslows Hierarchy of needs s Comp be and contrast the differences among being needs and shortage needs s explain the process of selfactualization s analyze how Maslows Hierarchy of needs tincts patient c atomic number 18Biographical outline Born on April 1, 1908, in Brooklyn, New York, Abraham Maslow was the stolon of seven pip-squeakren. 1 The son of under-educated Jud aic immigrants, Maslow didnt have many friends as a young s Consider the challenges to Maslows theories and pathulate a response 2009 Association of operative Technologists For reissue licence email&160protected org noble-minded 2009 the surgical technologist 347 f be and play, they would in much cases choose the pabulum. The same was true when it came to the monkeys choice between water and food.The water would invariably be chosen as the Selfpriority everywhere food. Self-fulfullment actualization needs achieving stars As the observations continued, a full potential, pattern emerged. Maslow could see, on including creative a physiologic level, that if the monactivities keys didnt have food, but had water, Esteem needs the group was less aggressive than p lie d birthige and feeling of movement Psychological those that had the water squeezen away needs Belongingness and love needs from them. 1 The same held true with intimate relationships, friends safety needs.If al l of the physiologiSafety needs cal needs were met, then the monkeys security system, safety Basic fashion became much profound when needs Physiological needs it came to consecrateing social roles and food, water, warmth, rest dominance. Maslow later transiti aced this idea all over to human behavior and was subject to establish physiological needs over child, but found his finger of self by reading books. He safety needs, safety needs over belongingness needs, belongbegan his college journey by attending City College of New ingness needs over esteem needs, and esteem needs.The York, and later transferred to Cornell University, before needs, in turn, throw the first four approximately components of the pyragoing back to City College of New York. After realizing a mid, and atomic number 18 addressed as deficit needs. Self-actualization, keen interest in psychology, he fitd to Wisconsin, where the fifth component, addresses the need of being, which he studied at the Univers ity of Wisconsin. throughout defines ones own place in the existence. the 1930s, Maslow earned his BA, MA and PhD. Later, When an item-by-item does not have large of aboutthing, he returned to New York, where he not only taught full he or she has a deficit, in the end creating what Maslow has time at Brooklyn College, but he too became interested in termed deficit needs. 1 When several(prenominal)s eat and drink, human sexuality. for example, the need for water and food is met, so at that place Maslow served as chair of the Department of Psy- is no time-consuming a motivating factor to obtain water or food, chology at Brandeis from 1951-61. While at that place, he met and the deficit need has temporarily been satisfied. Deficit a well-established researcher named Kurt Goldstein, who needs comprise or make up the four begin components of acquireed the idea of self-actualization. This concept Maslows hierarchy pyramid. interest Maslow, and it was through this notion that he On the opposite hand, Maslow also mentions the idea of pursued the idea of humanistic psychology, which he ultibeing needs. Being needs have nothing to do with deficit mately valued more than than his own research.Maslow died needs. Being needs are internal, and are at the very top of on June 8, 1970. 1 Maslows hierarchy pyramid, which ties into self-actualization. 2 An example here might be drawing ones own conclucreating the hierarchy of needs sions of where and who he or she is spiritually. This internal Abraham Maslow is well known for the domain of the concept is addressed as self-actualization. hierarchy of needs. The way he came up with this idea The following sections of this article will address each was by studying and observing monkeys.During observalevel of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in more detail in an tion, he noticed that they displayed a very foreign pattern effort to see how they apply to one-on-ones, and how they of behavior that addressed priorities est ablish on individual good deal define who and where an individual is in his or her life. needs. If, for example, the monkeys had a choice between FIGURE 1 MASLOWS pecking order PYRAMID 348 the surgical technologist solemn 2009 2009 Association of running(a) Technologists For reprint permission email&160protected orgPHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS With so many different capabilities, from the mandate of temperature and hormones to the processing of water, food and the elimination of waste, the living be is the most remarkable machine in the universe. Despite its relative fragility, the human soundbox preempt live for many years. Every single detail is so integral, from how the body processes oxygen through millions and millions of tissue cells, to the thousands of miles of arteries that carry blood and nutrients to those tissues. With this being said, on that focus is still the need to meet the very basic essentials of ife the body must(prenominal) take on oxygen, water and food. Before any further emergence basis take place, this very basic need has to be met. This is what Maslow addresses as a physiological needthe need for the body to work in unison to accomplish the task of basic survival. Physiological needs are influenced generally through the cravings that we have. If a person is thirsty, he or she finds a drinking fountain. Similarly, if the individual is hungry, he or she will find food. If the body is being deprived of oxygen, it will surely react. If on that point is a vitamin deficiency, the body has subtle ways of fulfilling that need.One example of how the body regulates itself on a physiological level is by theatreostasis. Homeostasis simply means to regulate. A part of the human brain, called the hypothalamus, plays an main(prenominal) role in keeping the body regulated by controlling the bodys thermostat, which is controlled by the release of several hormones called gonadotropins. If a female produces too much estrogen, the hypothalamu s releases a hormone called luteinizing hormone that triggers ovulation, wherefore acting manage a shut-off switch for the amount of estrogen present.If the thyroidal gland produces too much thyroxin, the hypothalamus produces a hormone to switch off the flow of the thyroxin. These are Throughout life, the idea of physiological needs the Great Compromiser consistent. The need to go along adequate physiological balance will always be essential just a few examples of homeostasis at work, however, in that location are many circulatory hormones that are needed to maintain normal bodily functions. Another prime example is the release of the fight or flight hormones that are secreted by the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands.If there is a need for the body to defend itself, these hormones will surge into operation to prepare the body for fight or flight. These hormones, although they play an important role, are kept in compliance by regulatory mechanisms within the brain. 3 Thr oughout life, the idea of physiological needs remains consistent. The need to maintain adequate physiological balance will always be essential, and whitethorn kick into action in very different ways at various different times, whether the individuals experiencing it are aware of it or not.For example, how would anyone ever complicate a good nights sleep if they had to literally think about their breathing pattern, heart rate or blood draw on a conscious level? Sure some quite a teentsy may have to get up during the night to use the contrivance or grab a glass of water, but remember that this is all part of how the body regulates itself. The notion that physiological needs tie into other, more complex needs of the hierarchy is very relevant. Maslow The basic principles of Maslows hierarchy have been observed in primates. 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission email&160protected rg AUGUST 2009 the surgical technologist 349 Again, this need will di versify depending on where an individual is in his or her life. For a young child, approvalseeking behaviors may become more commonplace. The child may engage in activities to get his or her parents attention by exploring or asking lots of questions. In a sense, the child needs to feel an emotional or social connection with SAFET Y NEEDS his or her parents. As the child evolves into a teenager, he Much like physiological needs require aid throughout life, so does the need to feel secure.This need is or she will more than likely become more socially active in more psychological. With that being said, safety needs may peer groups. Generally, whatsoever gets reinforced, supported, be different for each individual, depending on where he or or pass judgmented by these peer groups will ofttimes determine which pillow slip of group the adolescent will affiliate him or herself she is in life. For a child, this need may manifest as the need with. This idea hindquarters be noticed at any point throughout an individuals life. Safety needs may be different for each individual, depending on As youths ature into adulthood, they tend to affiliate with those indiwhere he or she is in life. For a child, this need may manifest as viduals or groups who accept them. A sense or a need to belong, at any the need for a safe family environment. There has to be security stage, is influenced by several factors. in the home, with warmth and love. Some of these influences, for example, are socio-economic influences the education level of parents and family, 4 the neighborhood in which the child grows up and the type for a safe family environment.There has to be security in the home, with warmth and love. When a family is dysfunc- of schools where they are educated, as well as the children tional, it makes it difficult for that child to move up to the who attend those schools. Whatever type of behavior is learned and accepted, based on these variables, is likely the next level of soc ial needs because fear is often present. For adults, this need may be economic in nature. If a behavior that will form a particular individuals case person gets his or her job, for example, fear and anxiety and egoism.The level of belonging must be established because of its will have an impact on that persons social life, and may effect on ones self-esteem. If the level of belonging in the cause him or her to regress. 5 Additionally, adults are not hierarchy model is low, or an individual is viewed negatively resistant to the need of safety. In some parts of the world, where there is chaos, peck are stuck at this level of need- by peers in that group, he or she may develop social anxiety ing to feel safe. The goal of consistently clash the need for and may withdraw toward a level of people in which he or safety is to have stability in ones life.It is the idea of being she fits in socially. If a child grows up in a neighborhood able to walk around the leave at night without th e worry of where there are road gangs, and attends schools in that being mugged. It is the idea of feeling secure in the work- neighborhood with the families of those street gangs, then place. It is conclusive that fear hinders ones ability to move the likelihood of the child to adapt and take on that form of reputation becomes more likely. According to Maslow, the on to the more advanced platforms of Maslows pyramid. eason for this behavioral pattern is likely due to the peer groups that the child grew up with. belong NEEDS This is not meant to imply that all children who grow up move on up the hierarchy pyramid, the next level reprein this type of neighborhood will join a gang, simply that sents the need to belong on a social level. The social level generally becomes the priority only afterwards the physiological there is a senior high likelihood of that outcome. On the other and safety needs have been sufficiently met and maintained. and, if a child is brought up in a more affluent neighborhood, it is likely that the parents will also be more educated. A sense of belonging plenty be felt when an individual becomes more focussed on the thirst to fortify relationships with others. In this scenario, it is more likely that the child will develop This includes the desire for a romantic partner, to have close and adapt to the peer groups in which education is more of a priority. The influence in a childs upbringing starts friends, and maybe to get married and have children. 1 elieved that once the physiological needs are met in sufficient detail, people move on to address these more complex needs. Safety and security make up the next platform of the pyramid. 350 the surgical technologist AUGUST 2009 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission email&160protected org with a home and family that secures the previous levels of Maslows hierarchy by meeting and maintaining the intromission levels of needs. Relieving any anxiety or fe ar will help put more emphasis on social development, and with this will come a healthy self-esteem.ESTEEM NEEDS at one time the needs of physiology, safety and belonging have been met, the individual will now move on to the needs of their self-esteem. Self-esteem, like all the prior needs, must also be maintained. This is the highest platform in the home of deficit needs. 1 The process of growth, when addressing ones self-esteem, builds the bridge to ones awareness. Self-esteem begins to establish itself in life as wee as age two. Maslows hierarchy addresses two levels of self-esteem. One of those is a lower level and the other is a high level.Maslows hierarchy is a two-way street. A person sack spend a lifetime traveling between the two extremes. The lower form of self-esteem is directly related to an individuals ego, meaning that there is a well need to be respected by others. 4 at heart this lower form, the individual still remains focused on bridal by others. This lowe r form of self-esteem is met when an individual has established a level of status, recognition, fame, reputation and appreciation, just to name a few. These areas in a persons life take work to maintain.They may also require some reinforcement or validation of some bod in order for this lower form of self-esteem to be maintained. The higher form of self-esteem that Maslow addresses is that of self-respect. This higher form of self-esteem requires less victuals because through accomplishment, it becomes a permanent part of who the individual is. We can enunciate that once a person has gained respect for himself or herself, it is much harder to lose that respect or to have it taken away. People on the higher end of selfesteem generally like who they are.The idea of confidence in ability, the ascendance of something, or the competence that is established in what these people do, supports this higher form of self-esteem. These forms of self-esteem should not be confused with an indiv idual having high or low self-esteem. Individuals with low self-esteem often have a low opinion of themselves and their self-image. As a result, inferiority complexes are present in the individual. With this idea in mind, Maslow contends that the legal age of peoples psychological hassles are due to low self-esteem.The realism here is that if a person take upt like himself or herself, or who he or she is or what he or she has accomplished, then that person will be more critical of himself or herself. Through that process, negative self talk is born, and can create a barrier to achieving personal success. How does low self-esteem impact these lower and higher forms of selfesteem in general? If an individual has low self-esteem, the lower form of self-esteem affects the individual on a social level. The individual may, for example, constantly attempt to seek or validate feedback and acceptance on a social level from his or her peers.With regard to the higher form of selfesteem, in the individual with low selfesteem may display a inadequacy of respect for himself or herself and the expectations that they place upon themselves would be unrealistic, or perhaps in some cases these expectations would be fit(p) by others rather than being placed by the individuals themselves. It is amazing that all of the prior needs within Maslows hierarchy, including physiological, safety, and even belongingness needs are frequently met, especially in mod society and developed countries.Imagine if more people just had a little respect for themselves in the grand scheme of things. 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission email&160protected org AUGUST 2009 the surgical technologist 351 THE CONTROVERSY As we take a look at Abraham Maslows hierarchy pyramid, there is some controversy as to how it relates directly to humanistic psychology. Is there enough evidence to support this hierarchy when it comes right down to how people develop emotionally?Maslow fixate forth with the notion that these stages along Self-actualizers are focused on what matters most in defining the course of development see up with how people experience psychowho they are. erstwhile self-respect is gained, the individual can take logical growth. The primary contention is that a more proactive snuggle to bettering themselves, as well as anyone in society can regress back to, being able to remain focused on resolving power any dilemmas or value an alternative position of the hierarchy pyramid in a way that is not parallel with Maslows model.For example, some cultures may be more fixated on belongto figure out, or it can be the determining factor of how well ing over safety, or esteem over belonging. 5 To answer these he or she is attached with his or her self and abilities. People who are self-actualizers are focused on what challenges, many experts believe that Abraham Maslows matters most in defining who they are. Once self-respect is hierarchy doesnt always follow in term with how it gained, the individual can take a more proactive approach was intended.If the notion of self-esteem, for example, is thought to develop in children as first as two years of age, to bettering themselves, as well as being able to remain focused on resolving any dilemmas that may surface regarding then why does Maslow address esteem needs so high up in the deficit stages. Self-actualizers may be more generative in the hierarchy pyramid? Humanistic psychology does challenge some of these notions, even though Maslow was a the sense that the focus is no continuing as much about pleasbeliever in humanistic psychology. ng others as it is giving back or sharing this part of who Another oft-challenged aspect of his work is that Maslow they are. 6 In other aspects, it can also look to be spiritual. himself delineate self-actualizers as people of great accomLooking at ones life as to who he or she is in the universe is a good example. Once a person is a ble to come to terms plishment, much(prenominal) as former presidents, dignitaries and great discoverers. With that being said, it is very difficult to place with who they are, and they are ultimately satisfied with an emphasis on the concept of self-actualization.How sigthat, then they have truly reached the point of being able nificant is the concept of the self-actualizer? The only way to self-actualize. With this level of intuition comes a sense of peace, which that to answer that question is to say that all people are at in turn serves as a motivator to focus on more advanced different stages of development, and all of them are selftasks in life, such as supporting the moral and ethical stan- actualizers in some form. SELF-ACTUALIzATION Self-actualization is defined by Maslow as the single component of being within the hierarchy model.Being, in this sense, means not being a part of the deficit needs as they appear within the lower chain of the hierarchy. 1 This need is indepen dentthere must be some accomplishment of all the other deficit needs, which are best defined as what we appear to be, according to the standards of society. Selfactualization is the internal dialogue that everyone establishes at some point in their lives. In order to do that, there must be some establishment or satisfaction of the prior needs. Once all of the previous needs have been met, an individual can direct his or her focus toward a true calling.Usually when a person is hungry, or they get int feel safe, or they feel unloved, the focal point leans towards resolving those issues, therefore disrupting the focus on self-actualizing. With self-actualization, being able to pinpoint how one truly feels about something is often a little more ambitious dards in life. There is a more in-depth focus on bettering oneself and expanding ones knowledge and talents. The real definition to self-actualizing is getting to know oneself, firearm being okay and unconditionally accepting of what ever it is that he or she discovers.The question every individual must face is, do you like and accept who you are? Once that question is answered, then self-respect is gained. Once an individual establishes that respect for his or herself, no one can take that away. In this context, Abraham Maslow is justified in establishing self-actualization in a category by itself that quantifies the need of being separately from the need of deficit. 352 the surgical technologist AUGUST 2009 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission email&160protected org verview When looking at Maslows hierarchy pyramid, an important concept to remember is that anyone at anytime can regress back to any point within the hierarchy structure that Maslow addresses. How does this impact human behavior? Looking back at the very basics of physiological needs for example, people need to feel good. It does not matter if a person is employed as a janitor or a top-notch cardiac surgeon, if he o r she is diagnosed with a disease that impacts them physically, he or she is likely to regress back towards satisfying any physiological needs that may come about.The affected individuals military posture towards the prognosis of this disease will likely contribute towards a channel in his or her priorities. Emotionally, the feelings of love and belonging may be force in the sense that they may want to ensure that their loved ones are safe when they pass. With regard to esteem, for some, there may be a great sense of loss, while others may come to terms with the fact. With that being said, there are circumstances that affect each individual with regard to where he or she stands in the hierarchy pyramid. Is everyone a self-actualizer? Yes. For each individual, this experience is different.It is see at different depths depending on individual life experiences. The more in touch one is with ones inner self, the better he or she can control, and often master, ones self-talk. It is a lso important to remember that all individuals are constantly impacted by the forces of life, some of which are far beyond personal control. When the opportunity arises to experience this hierarchy, and the needs of deficit are fully met, it allows the individual to make a at hand(predicate) connection with the concept of self-actualization. Also, when these deficit needs are met, self-actualization, in a sense, is likely to become even more enhanced.The bottom line is that everyone is completed emotionally at every level of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. If early life experiences as a child are positive, and needs are being met, that individual will excel in the area of effrontery and self-esteem at much faster rate. It helps to establish a strong foundation for life. Later, the individual is able to establish a much stronger set of coping mechanisms when one of the deficit needs isnt being met. Additionally, when perverse circumstances confront the individual, he or she is often better-equipped with the ability to problem solve and confront the challenge confidently.Conversely, if early life experiences as a child are negative, and needs are not met, that individuals foundation isnt as secure, and he or she is not as likely to excel in selfconfidence and self-esteem, rather, he or she is likely to get trapped a state of constantly seeking approval from peers. He or she may develop a fear of making mistakes. The majority falls somewhere in between what is positive in life and what is negative. Ultimately, individuals who develop a strong, well-established foundation are likely to be emotionally strong and can exercise a stronger sense of self control.Those whose foundation is shaky and not very stable will focus more on protecting it, therefore having less confidence in that foundation. close to THE AUTHOR Robert A Poston, cst has been a surgical technologist since 1993. He began his work in education with Concorde Career College in North Hollywood, Califor nia in 1997. He has been a guest speaker with the California State manufacture of Surgical Technologists in 2001 and 2003. Robert Poston is currently the Program Chair for Surgical engine room at Everest College in Thornton, Colorado. He has also served as an item writer for the National Certification Exam for Surgical Technology.RefeRences 1. Boeree, George C. Abraham Maslow, 1908-1970. Personality Theories. 2006. available at http//webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/maslow. html. Accessed 4/9/2009. 2. BambooWeb Dictionary. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. 2009. Available at http//www. bambooweb. com/articles/m/a/Maslows_hierarchy_of_needs. html. Accessed 4/9/2009. 3. Applegate, Edith. The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System. 2000. p 214-215. 4. Drinnien, Beverly Irwin, Donald Simons, Janet. psychological scienceThe Search for Understanding. West Publishing Company. New York. 1987. Available at http//honolulu. awaii. edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/ teachtip/maslow. htm. Acces sed 4/9/2009. 5. NetMBA Business Knowledge Center. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. 2007. Available at http//www. netmba. com/mgmt/ob/motivation/maslow/. Accessed 4/9/2009. 6. Van Wagner, Kendra. Self-Actualization and the Hierarchy of Needs. 2009. Available at http//psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/ hierarchyneeds_2. htm. Accessed 4/9/2009. 2009 Association of Surgical Technologists For reprint permission email&160protected org AUGUST 2009 the surgical technologist 353